Test 4 Prep

Question 1

Maintaining pH:

Show CO₂ dissolving in water.

Answer 1

CO_2(g) + H₂O_(l) ⇔ H₂CO_3(l)

Question 2

Maintaining pH:

Show the dissociation of carbonic acid in water.

Answer 2

H₂CO₃ + H₂O ⇔ HCO₃^- + H₃O⁺

Question 3

Acidosis:

What happens to the pH of the blood under acidosis conditions?

Answer 3

The pH of blood is lower than normal

Question 4

Acidosis:

What happens to the concentration of H₃O⁺ under acidosis conditions?

As a result, what happens to CO₂ in eq. 1?

Answer 4

H₃O⁺ Increases, as a result CO₂ increases.

Question 5

How do the lungs compensate the change in P_CO2 in acidosis conditions?

How does cistic fibrosis upset blood buffer system to cause acidosis?

Answer 5

The lungs exhale out excess CO₂ by increasing respiration.

CO₂ decreases due to mucus on the lungs

Question 6

Alkalosis:

What happens to the pH of the blodd under alkalosis conditions?

Answer 6

The pH of the blood is higher than normal

Question 7

Alkalosis:

What happens to the concnetration of H₃O⁺ under alkalosis conditions?

Answer 7

H₃O⁺ decreases

Question 8

Alkalosis = ________

Acidosis = _________

Answer 8

Alkalosis = high pH (more basic)

Acidosis = low pH (more acidic)

Question 9

Equation 1:

Equation 2:

Kidneys only use equation ____.

Answer 9

1. CO_2(g) + H₂O_(l) ⇔ H₂CO_3(l)

2. H₂CO₃ + H₂O ⇔ HCO₃^- + H₃O⁺

(2)Two. Kidneys dont use gas exchange.

Question 10

Alkalosis & Acidosis:

What are the 6 prompts that should be mentioned when answering alkalosis & acidosis questions?

Answer 10

1. What happens to the pH

2. What happens to concentration of H₃O⁺

3. Shift

4. Result of shift (increase in __ )

5. Kidneys remove ____ through urnine

6. What can correct alkalosis/acidosis

Question 11

• 1 atm = ___ psi
• 1 atm = ___ torr
• 1 atm = ___ mmHg
• Isotonic = ___ %NaCl & ___ %Glucose
• Hypertonic = _______
• Hypotonic = _______

Answer 11

• 1 atm = 14.7 psi
• 1 atm = 760 torr
• 1 atm = 760 mmHg
• Isotonic = 0.95%NaCl & 5.5% Glucose
• Hypertonic = Crenation
• Hypotonic = Hemolysis

Question 12

• 5.5% NaCl = _____ & _____
• Pure water = _____ & _____
• 10% Glucose = ____ & _____

Answer 12

• 5.5% NaCl = Hypertonic & Crenation
• Pure water = Hypotonic & Hemolysis (H₂O: 0%)
• 10% Glucose = Hypertonic & Crenation

Question 13

w/v% =

ppt =

ppm =

ppb =

molarity =

meq/L =

What is an equivalent (Eq)?

Answer 13

w/v% = g/mL x 100

ppt = g/mL x 10³

ppm = g/mL x 10⁶

ppb = g/mL x 10⁹

molarity = moles solute/L solute

milliequivalents/litre

The # of moles of charges that one mole of solute contributes to a solution. (applies to ions)

Question 14

Provide the names:

HNO_3(aq)

HCL_(aq)

CaCO₃

dihydrogenphosphate ion

Phosphoric acid

Answer 14

Nitric Acid

Hydrochloric Acid

Calcium Carbonate

H₂PO₄^-

PO_{4 <em> </em>}(no charge on acids)

Question 15

Which one is the stronger acid and which acid will have the lowest pH. Explain.

CH₃CO₂H Ka = 1.8 x 10^-5

H₂CO₃ = Ka = 4.4 x 10^-7

Answer 15

CH₃CO₂H Ka = 1.8 x 10^-5

Stronger acid.

H₂CO₃ = Ka = 4.4 x 10^-7

Weaker acid, Lower pH, high levels of H₃0⁺

Question 16

P_vapor = P_atm

What happens when P_vapor and P_atm are equal?

Answer 16

when P_vapor and P_atm are equal, boiling point is reached.

Question 17

How does an Autocalve work?

Answer 17

An autoclave produces pressures greater than 1 atm, so water boils above 100°C. At these temps, most infectious agents are destroyed.

Question 18

How does a Hyperbaric Chamber work?

Answer 18

P_atm increases and the solubility of O₂ inside blood stream increases.

Bacteria cannot survive in high levels of O₂

Question 19

Explain how soap can be hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

What is it called when you have hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds?

Answer 19

Through double displacement the hydrophilic compound will become hydrophobic and water soluble.

Amphipathic

Question 20

Explain the process of kidney dialysis.

Answer 20

1. Blood taken out of body through semipermeable tube
2. Blood is suspended into an isotonic solution (which is same as red blood cells, 0.95% NaCL and 5.5% glucose)
3. Through diffusion urea goes from high to low concentration in blood.
4. Protein stays because it is too large to pass through the semipermeable membrane, and other ions are compensated.
5. When urea concentration is low enough it is sent back into the body.

Question 21

Where is the average atmospheric pressure higher?

Answer 21

The closer to sea level (or below the higher)
As altitude increases Patm decreases, and there are less molecules.

Question 22

Questions about altitude have to do with what law?

Answer 22

Daltons law of partial pressure

Question 23

Some runners train in high altitudes. Why?

Answer 23

PO₂ is low and this leads to increased concentrations of red blood cells.

So as to increase intake of O₂
increased RBC increases performance

Question 24

If camping in the mountain why does it take longer to cook a pot of noodles than it does at sea level?

Answer 24

• Patm is decreased at higher altitudes
• Liquid boils when patm equals pressure of water vapor
• In the mountains P_atm is decreased and P water vapor is decreased so you reach BP at a lower temperature (lower than 100°C)

Question 25

What effect does a decrease in blood vessel volume have on blood pressure?

Answer 25

Boyles Law: * decrease in volume increases pressure * increases blood pressure

Question 26

What effect does drinking alcohol have on blood pressure?

Answer 26

ADH causes vasoconstriction. Drinking alcohol inhibits ADH and dilates the blood vessels and so lowered blood pressure.

Question 27

Many sports organizations ban the use of and test for presence of higher than normal levels of erythropoietin (EPO), a naturally occurring compound that stimulates the production of red blood cells. How might EPO enhance athletic performance?

Answer 27

EPO increases the production of red blood cells which allows for more oxygen to be transported to the cells increasing athletic performance.

Question 28

Suppose you were diving rather deep in the ocean and had to surface quickly while leaving your tank at the bottom. What precaution would you take so as not to put pressure on your lungs?

Answer 28

Exhale as you resurface so as not to put pressure on your lungs. Pressure decreases on ascent and consequently volume of lungs increases as per Boyle’s law and so lungs need to be evacuated.

Question 29

Some people with respiratory problems are very uncomfortable in low pressure air that is very moist. Explain.

Answer 29

P_total = P_N2 + P_O2 + P_{water vapor} + P_others When the atmospheric pressure is low and the air is moist the P_water vapor is high and so the PO₂ is low. Therefore people with respiratory problems feel very uncomfortable.

Question 30

What is the relationship between temperature and pressure that must be kept in mind while using pressurized systems where gas cylinders are in use at the hospital?

Answer 30

When pressure decreases on release of gas from a cylinder the temperature also decreases, the surroundings become cooler. Pressure is directly proportional to temperature.

Question 31

Le Châtelier's Principle refers to what?

Answer 31

When a reaction is pushed out of equilibrium and the reaction reponds to reestablish equilibrium.

Question 32

What happens to the **solubility of carbon dioxide gas** in water in each of the following condition: 1. Pressure of CO₂ over the solution is increased 2. Temperature is increased

Answer 32

1. S_CO2 increases 2. S_CO2 decreases

Question 33

mEq vs. Eq 1mmol PO₄^3- = ___ mEq

Answer 33

'm' in **m**Eq stands for mili (10^-3) 1mmol PO₄^3- = **3** mEq

Question 34

Dilution formula

Answer 34

V₁ x C₁ = V₂ x C₂

Question 35

K_eq formula

Answer 35

[C]^c[D]^d **/** [A]^a[B]^b ommit **solids** and **solvents**

Question 36

For each reaction, which is there more of at equilibrium, reactant or product? 1. K_eq = 1.5 x 10³ 2. K_eq = 1.5 x 10^-3

Answer 36

1. Products(3) 2. Reactant(-3)

Question 37

pH sig figs

Answer 37

However many sig figs in original #, that many sig figs after the decimal on pH original # = 1.23 pH = 5.678

Question 38

What is the normal pH range of blood?

Answer 38

7.35 - 7.45

Question 39

How does the buffer system help maintain blood serum at constant pH?

Answer 39

Acidosis: If pH decreases, H₃O⁺ increases Alkalosis: If pH increases, H₃O⁺ decreases ***If H₃O⁺ is low, OH^- is high*** ***equations 1 and 2***

Question 40

Equations 1 & 2 are used for what? What is equation 2 used for?

Answer 40

1. CO_2(g) + H₂O_(l) ⇔ H₂CO_3(l) 2. H₂CO₃ + H₂O ⇔ HCO₃^- + H₃O⁺ **Equation 1** **& 2** are used for manintaining the pH of the blood serum. Involves **respiration**. **Equation 2** is used for maintaining the pH of the blood serum in the **kidneys**.

Question 41

% yield

Answer 41

Actual yield **/** theoretic yield **x** 100

Question 42

Amphipathic VS. Amphoteric

Answer 42

**Amphipathic**: has to do with hydrophilic & hydrophobic **Amphoteric**: has to do with compounds acting as acids and basis.

Question 43

Bends

Answer 43

P_atm decreases S_N2 increases N₂ exits by breaking blood vessels