Secretion I

Question 1

What are R- binders?

Answer 1

• are proteins in the saliva that bind vitamin B12 and protect it from proteases in the stomach (pepsins)

Question 2

What does ghrelin stimulate in the brain?

Answer 2

Neuro Peptide Y

Question 3

Salivation is stimulated by

Answer 3

PNS – facial and glossopharyngeal nerves, NOT the vagus! Control by:

• autonomic: [parasymp: ACh, VIP] [sympath: beta and alpha adrenergics (NE)]
• central NS: afferents/efferents to salivary nucleus

Question 4

What stimulates ghrelin?

Answer 4

empty stomach

Question 5

What does NYP do?

Answer 5

Stimulates hunger

Question 6

Where is ghrelin secreted from?

Answer 6

epsilon cells of the pancreas and P/D1 cells of the fundus

Question 7

What is released when chyme enters the duodenum and upper jejunum?

Answer 7

Peptide YY and GLP-1

Question 8

What does peptide YY and GLP-1 do?

Answer 8

suppress NPY

Question 9

What does leptin do?

Answer 9

Suppresses NPY

Question 10

What produces saliva?

Answer 10

Parotid glands, submaxillary glands, sublingual glands

Question 11

What is in serous fluid?

Answer 11

amylase, R-binders

Question 12

What is very important and limiting to the production of saliva?

Answer 12

Blood flow to the salivary gland

Question 13

What is responsible for reclamation of electrolytes from the acinar excretions?

Answer 13

Striated and excretory duct cells

Question 14

Is saliva hypo or hyper tonic compared to blood plasma?

Answer 14

hypotonic

Question 15

What ion is in higher concentraiton in saliva than it is in the plasma?

Answer 15

K+

Question 16

What is secreted from the tounge?

Answer 16

Lingual lipase

Question 17

What PNS controls salivary function?

Answer 17

Glossopharyngeal and facial nerves

Question 18

What function do SNS nerves have in the production of saliva?

Answer 18

Very small contribution in helping the acinar ducts constrict and spurt out their contents

Question 19

What do glands in the esophagus do?

Answer 19

Produce some mucin

Question 20

What produces HCl in the stomach?

Answer 20

Parietal cells

Question 21

What produces Intrinsic factor?

Answer 21

Parietal cells

Question 22

What does intrinsic factor do?

Answer 22

Helps bind B12 protecting it from proteases

Question 23

What produces pepsinogen?

Answer 23

Chief cells

Question 24

What % of digestion is done pre-duodenally?

Answer 24

25-30%

Question 25

What produces gastrin?

Answer 25

G cells

Question 26

Where are G cells located?

Answer 26

in the antrum

Question 27

What role does gastrin play in the stomach?

Answer 27

Secretagogue for HCl

Question 28

What stimulates gastrin production?

Answer 28

Chyme in the stomach

Question 29

What produces lipase?

Answer 29

The tongue, Chief cells, pancreas

Question 30

What is somatostatin's role in the stomach?

Answer 30

suppresses production of HCl

Question 31

What is the role of Histamine in the stomach

Answer 31

Secretogogue for HCl

Question 32

What are three roles of mucus?

Answer 32

Protection, lubrication and attracts bicarb

Question 33

Where are parietal cells located?

Answer 33

Only in the body of the stomach

Question 34

What are the channels in the PM of the parietal cells called?

Answer 34

Canaliculi

Question 35

What is the rate limiting step to acid production in the stomach

Answer 35

How many H+ pumps there are

Question 36

How does gastrin help increase acid production?

Answer 36

It sitmulates the upregulation of H+ pumps to the cell surface of parietal cells

Question 37

What is pumped into the capilaries for every H+ exported to the lumen of the stomach?

Answer 37

A bicarb ion

Question 38

What keeps H+ out of the basolaminar side of the parietal cells?

Answer 38

tight junction

Question 39

What is imported in exchange for H+ excretion?

Answer 39

K+

Question 40

Why would there be a slight increase in K+ in the lumen of the stomach?

Answer 40

Some would start to come out fo the parietal cell as the intracellular concentrations rose

Question 41

What happens to the gastric concentration of Na+ on Gastrin stimulation?

Answer 41

It goes down

Question 42

What happens to the gastric concentration of Cl- upon Gastrin Stimulation?

Answer 42

Goes up

Question 43

What causes 95% of gastric ulcers?

Answer 43

H. Pilori

Question 44

What does the H. Pilori bug do that causes ulcers?

Answer 44

neutralizes the acid in the stomach with urea which is toxic to the epithelial lining and disrupts the mucus layer allowing the low pH fluid to destroy the delitcate enetrocytes

Question 45

What stimulates HCl production?

Answer 45

PNS, Gastrin, histamine

Question 46

What supresses HCl production

Answer 46

SNS, somatostatin, GIP, Peptide YY, prostoglandins

Question 47

What produces mucus in the stomach?

Answer 47

Mucus Neck cells

Question 48

What is the main function of secretin?

Answer 48

To stimulate the secretion of pancreatic and duodenal buffers, as well as open CTFR channels

Question 49

What is CCK's function?

Answer 49

To stimulate pancreatic enzymes, relax the sphincter of oddi, and induce contractions in the gall bladder.

Question 50

What are the two things GIP stands for?

Answer 50

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide, and Glucose insulinotropic peptide

Question 51

What are the functions of GIP?

Answer 51

Decreases gastrin--\>HCl, stimulates insulin secretion

Question 52

What induces the release of GIP?

Answer 52

macronuirents entering the duodenum

Question 53

Where and what secretes Gastrin?

Answer 53

G Cells in the pyloric antrum and duodenum

Question 54

Where and what secretes Secretin?

Answer 54

S cells in the duodenum

Question 55

Where and what secretes CCK?

Answer 55

I ells of the duodenum and Jejunum

Question 56

Where and what secretes GIP?

Answer 56

K cells of the duodenum and Jejunum

Question 57

Where and what secretes Motilin?

Answer 57

M cells of the duodenum

Question 58

Where and what secretes Peptide YY?

Answer 58

L cells of the terminal ilium and colon

Question 59

Where and what secretes Ghrelin?

Answer 59

P/D1 cells of the fundus and episolon cells of the pancreas

Question 60

What are the duodenal bound enzymes produced by the pancreas?

Answer 60

Trypsinogen, Chymotripsinogen, elastase, Pancreatic prolipase, ProCo-lipase, pancreatic amylase

Question 61

What activates Trypsinogen?

Answer 61

Enteropeptidase

Question 62

What secretes enteropeptidase?

Answer 62

Enterocytes in the duodenum

Question 63

What does the pancrease secrete in order to prevent trypsin from destroying the pancreas?

Answer 63

Trypsin inhibitor

Question 64

What induces secession of pancreatic secretions?

Answer 64

Lack of vegal stimulation, Peptide YY, Somatostatin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide

Question 65

how does the colon reabsorb water and nutrients from the chyme?

Answer 65

Na+ pumps

Question 66

What provides the slow wave function in the lower intestines?

Answer 66

Interstitial cells of cajal

Question 67

Saliva is always _____ to plasma, contains .....

Answer 67

hypotonic - remember O _alpha-amylase_ (starch digestion) _lingual lipase_ (lipid digestion) _R-binders_