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Stuff Thats Would Be Cool To Remember > Semester 1 Minimum Questions > Flashcards

Semester 1 Minimum Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vector of Borrelia recurrentis?

A

Body louse

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2
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by Borrelia?

A

Lyme diseases and relapsing fever

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3
Q

Which bacterium is the leading cause of neonatal meningitis?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

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4
Q

When can be used non treponemal serological reactions during the infection?

A
  1. RPR and VDRL is used to determine the stages of syphilis
  2. To detect the reinfection
  3. To control the effectiveness of the therapy
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5
Q

How can the Lyme disease spread?

A

By the bite of tick.

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6
Q

What does iatrogenic infection mean?

A

Infection caused by medical staff during the investigation or treatment

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7
Q

Parameters of the hot-air sterilisation cupboard protocol?

A

180°C; 1hour
160°C; 2hours
140°C; 3hours

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8
Q

Antibiotic resistance mechanism are:

A

Enzymatic degradation or modification of the antibiotics, efflux pump, modifying of the antibiotic binding site

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9
Q

What are the causative agents of human brucellosis? (2 examples)

A

Brucella abortus,
B. melitensis,
B. suis,
B. canis

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10
Q

Which bacteria can cause salmonellosis?

A

Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Choleraesuis

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11
Q

What is the causative agent of erysipeloid?

A

Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae.

for memo: Erysipelo - Thrix Rhusio - Pathiae

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12
Q

Microscopic morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Gram-negative, non capsulated diplococci.

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13
Q

What kind of bacteria can caused spastic paralysis?

A

Clostridium tetani

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14
Q

What is the treatment of leprosy?

A

Dapsone, clofazamin, rifampicin.

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15
Q

Diseases caused by coagulase negative staphylococci?

A

Nosocomial infections, biofilm production on the surface of plastic devices.

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16
Q

What are the virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis? (2 examples)

A

Fimbria, pertactin, pertussis toxin, tracheal cytotoxin, dermatonecrotic toxin.

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17
Q

What are the causative agents of Lyme disease? (2 examples)

A

Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelli, Borrelia garini

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18
Q

What does nosocomial infection mean?

A

Infection occurred in hospital after 48 hours of the hospitalisation.

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19
Q

Which parameters can influence the effectivity of the sterilisation?

A 
The number of the germs,
The resistance of the germs,
The concentration of the disinfectants,
The presence of the organic materials,
The initial time,
The presence of the biofilm.
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20
Q

What are the disinfectants?

A

Chemical agents used on inanimate / non-living surfaces.

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21
Q

What is the effect of the cholera toxin?

A

Increasing of the cAMP, enhancing the ion secretion

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22
Q

What are the facultative pathogenic mycobacteria? (2 examples)

A

Mycobacterium avium Complex, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium ulcerans.

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23
Q

What is the causative agent of syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum

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24
Q

What is the treatment of the diseases cause by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Multiresistant, based on antibiogram.

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25
Q

How long can be cultivated the causative agent of human tuberculosis on Lowenstein-Jensen culture media?

A

6-8 weeks.

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26
Q

What kind of information can we got by light microscopically examination? (3 example)

A

The size of the microbe,
The shape of the microbe,
The motility,
The staining can be examined.

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27
Q

What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes in adults?

A

Gastrointestinal symptoms, meningitis, sepsis, endocarditis

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28
Q

What does precipitation mean?

A

Serological reaction where the antigen is soluble (enzyme, toxin or virus particle).

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29
Q

What kind of staining can be used to stain mycobacteria?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen staining.

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30
Q

What is the effect of the bacterial AB exotoxins?

A

They are: neurotoxins, protein synthesis inhibitors or ion secretion enhancers.

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31
Q

Definitions: MBL, MACI, PACI

A

MBL: metallo-beta-lactamase (=carbapenemase)
MACI: multi-resistant Acinetobacter
PACI: pan-resistant Acinetobacter

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32
Q

The solutions of the Gram-stain?

A 
Sodium oxalate,
Crystal violet,
Iodine solution,
96% of ethanol
Fuchsin or safranin.
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33
Q

Which bacterial virulence factor is the causative agent of scarlet fever?

A

Streptococcus pyrogenic exotoxin or erythrogenic toxin

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34
Q

Which E. coli can be toxin producer? (3 examples)

A

ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, EIEC, EHEC

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35
Q

Disease cause by Streptococcus pyogenes? (3 examples)

A

Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, impetigo, erysipelas, necrotising fasciitis, scarlet fever, TSST

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36
Q

Biological method used for checking the effectivity of the sterilisation.

A

By Bacillus/Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores.

If the procedure was performed in correct way, the spores cannot be cultivated.

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37
Q

What does agglutination mean?

A

Serological reaction where the antigen is cell mediated

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38
Q

What is the treatment of Botulism?

A

Giving polyvalent antitoxin.

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39
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L1-L3

A

Lymphogranuloma venereum.

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40
Q

How can be prevented the human tuberculosis?

A

By BCG vaccine.

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41
Q

What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes?

A

Meningitis, sepsis, granulomatosis infantiseptica.

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42
Q

Which bacteria can cause dental decay?

A

Lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans.

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43
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by Haemophillus ducreyi?

A

Ulcus molle (chancroid).

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44
Q

What is the causative agent of pseudomembranosus colitist?

A

Clostridium difficile

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45
Q

Microscopic morphology of Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Gram-negative, capsulated, diplococci.

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46
Q

Chemotherapeutic index?

A

dosis tolerata maxima (DTM)/dosis curativa minima (DCM)

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47
Q

What are the diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae?

A

Lobar (Friedländer) pneumonia, wound infection, blood stream infection, urinary tract infection.

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48
Q

Which species is the Lancefield group B streptococcus?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

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49
Q

What does disinfection mean?

A

Procedure where the number of the germs are reduced to a safety level.

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50
Q

How can Legionella pneumophila spread?

A

By aerosol.

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51
Q

What is the causative agent of Q-fever?

A

Coxiella burnettii

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52
Q

How can syphilis spread?

A

By sexual contact, transplacental, by blood transfusion and by organ transplantation.

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53
Q

Which bacterium can cause „Honeymoon cystitis”?

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

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54
Q

Which bacterium is the causative agent of plague?

A

Yersinia pestis.

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55
Q

Chemical agents used for gas sterilisation?

A

Etilene oxide, formaldehyde,

beta-propiolacton

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56
Q

In which stages is syphilis contagious?

A

1st and 2nd stages and in the first 2 years of the latency.

At 3rd stage only in utero infections may occur.

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57
Q

How many different kind (serotype) of capsule can be produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

94 (accepted answer: 90-100)

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58
Q

Which two bacteria can be differentiated based on their optochin sensitivity / resistance?

A

S. pneumoniae (S) and viridans streptococci (R)

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59
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by Neisseria meningitidis?

A

Sepsis, meningitis, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.

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60
Q

What is the most common source of the infection caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophila?

A

Nosocomial lung infection, sepsis.

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61
Q

What are the non-toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus? (3 example)

A

Protein A, endocoagulase (clumping factor), exocoagulase, adhezins, teicoic acid, hialuronidase, protease, lipase, DN-ase.

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62
Q

What is the causative agent of scarlet fever?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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63
Q

What are the diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis? (2 examples)

A

Cutaneous anthrax, pulmonary anthrax, gastrointestinal anthrax.

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64
Q

What kind of extra intestinal disease can be caused by Escherichia coli?

A

Urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis, sepsis.

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65
Q

Which bacteria cannot have cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma.

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66
Q

What are the types of leprosy?

A

Tuberculoid and lepromatosus leprosy.

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67
Q

List 4 capsulated bacteria! (from the list)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes

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68
Q

What is the causative of epidemic relapsing fever?

A

Borellia recurrentis.

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69
Q

What does MRSA mean?

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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70
Q

Which genera belongs to the Spirochaetales order?

A

Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema.

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71
Q

What does MIC mean?

A

Minimal bacteriostatic concentration of an antibiotic measured in ug/ml.

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72
Q

Which bacteria can cause human tuberculosis? (3 examples)

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum.

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73
Q

How can Neisseria meningitidis spread?

A

By respiratory droplets and will colonize the nasopharynx.

74
Q

What kind of tests can be performed from liquor in case of Neisseria
meningitidis infection?

A

Microscopic examination, Gram-stain, latex agglutination.

75
Q

What does sterilisation mean?

A

Killing procedure of any kind of germs.

76
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by Bacillus cereus?

A

Food poisoning (vomiting, diarrhea), wound infection.

77
Q

Microscopic morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Gram-negative rod.

78
Q

What kind of vaccines can be used to prevent invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A
  1. Prevenar-13: Streptococcus pneumoniae 13 type of capsule conjugated to toxoid – recommended for new-borns and in elderly
  2. Pneumovax: Streptococcus pneumoniae 23 type of capsule – recommended for adults and teenagers.
79
Q

What kind of bacterial infection can be treated by antitoxin? (2 example)

A

Infections caused by bacterial exotoxins: tetanus, botulism, diphtheria

80
Q

Which two streptococcus species show 100% penicillin sensitivity still now?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae

81
Q

What does ESBL mean?

A

Extended spectrum of beta lactamase enzyme.

82
Q

What does serological reaction mean?

A

Reaction based on the antigen-antibody reaction performed in vitro.

83
Q

How can be prevented the invasive infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae strains?

A

By Hib vaccine

84
Q

What are the antiseptic agents?

A

Chemical agents used for disinfection on animate (tissue, skin, mucous membrane) surfaces.

85
Q

What are the causative agents of impetigo contagiosa?

A

S. aureus, S. pyogenes

86
Q

What are the bacterial cell surface antigens?

A

O: cell wall
H: flagella
K: capsule

87
Q

Cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotics?

A

Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Carbapenem, Glycopeptide

88
Q

What is the causative agent of parrot fever?

A

Chlamydophila psittaci.

89
Q

What are the toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Leucocidin, toxic shock syndrome toxin, exfoliative toxin, enterotoxin, haemolysin

90
Q

What is the vector of Lyme diseases?

A

Tick

91
Q

Which 3 vaccines contain capsular polysaccharide?

A
  1. Hib (against Haemophilus influenzae type b)
  2. Prevenar / Pneumovax (against 13 / 23 serotypes of Streptococcu pneumoniae)
  3. meningococcus vaccines (against serotypes ACWY) – but not B!
92
Q

Which bacterium can cause chronic gastritis or stomach ulcer?

A

Helicobacter pylori.

93
Q

What is the most important cultivable anaerobic member of the normal flora of the large bowel?

A

Bacteroides fragilis.

94
Q

What kind of bacteria can cause flaccid paralysis?

A

Clostridium botulinum

95
Q

What are the most frequent diseases caused by Pseudomas aeruginosa?

A

Nosocomial lung infections, wound and blood stream infections

96
Q

What is the causative agent of leprosy?

A

Mycobacterium leprae.

97
Q

The theoretical background of plasma sterilisation?

A

Hydrogen-peroxide in high electric field will form plasma stage. The produced free radicals will kill the microbes. At the end of the procedure will be produced water, oxygen and other nontoxic products.

98
Q

Which bacteria can be differentiated with the catalase test?

A

Staphylococci (+) and Streptococci (-)

99
Q

What kind of disease can be caused in new-borns by Streptococcus
agalactiae?

A

In new born- meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia.

100
Q

Disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncle, impetigo, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, food poisoning.

101
Q

How can be prevented the invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

By 23 valent polysaccharide capsule vaccine or by 13 valent conjugated vaccine.

102
Q

Parameters of the autoclaving?

A

+ 1 atm overpressure, 121°C,20-30 minutes

or +2 atm overpressure, 134°C, 10 minutes.

103
Q

What are the characteristic biochemical properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Obligate aerobic, oxidase positive.

104
Q

What is the most common causative agent of community acquired pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

105
Q

What is the causative agent of Ophtalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

106
Q

Microscopic morphology of Staphylococci

A

Gram-positive cocci, arranged in grape-like structures

107
Q

What kind of disease can be cause by viridans group streptococci?

A

Dental decay or endocarditis.

108
Q

Which bacteria can cause atypical pneumoniae?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila.

109
Q

What are the protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics? (3 example)

A

Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline, Macrolide, Chloramphenicol, Linezolid

110
Q

What is the causative agent of erysipelas?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

111
Q

Glycopeptide antibiotics

A

Vancomycin, teicoplanin

112
Q

What does antibody titre mean?

A

The highest dilution fold or the lowest antibody concentration where we can see in vitro antigen-antibody reaction.

113
Q

What kind of devices can be used for anaerobic cultivation?

A

Anaerostate,
Gas-pack jar,
High agar,
Anaerobic chamber

114
Q

When can develop neurosyphilis during the infection?

A

In all stages of the diseases can develop neuroyphilis.

115
Q

What does MACI mean in microbiology?

A

Multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii

116
Q

How can the Lyme diseases diagnosed?

A

By serology, ELISA screening test and fro confirmation immunoblot is used.

117
Q

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors are: (2 example)

A

Quinolones,
Rifampicin,
Sulphonamide,
Trimethoprim

118
Q

What is the most common source of the infection caused by Acinetobacter baumanii?

A

Hospital environment.

119
Q

Definition: selective toxicity

A

the antibiotic has an effect only on the bacteria, but not on the human host

120
Q

What is the causative agent of cholera?

A

Vibrio cholerae

121
Q

What is the causative agent of diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

122
Q

What is the first symptom in syphilis?

A

Ulcus durum – painless hard ulcer, enlarged lymph nodes.

123
Q

How can be detected the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

By Elek’s-test, Römer-test (in guinea pig).

124
Q

Microscopic morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Gram-positive diplococci

125
Q

What is the causative agent of dysentery? (2 examples)

A

Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei.

126
Q

Colony morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Bacteria can produce water-soluble pigment that stain the culture media, the colonies have grape like smells.

127
Q

What is the causative agent of Weil’s diseases?

A

Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.

128
Q

What is the first symptom of Lyme diseases?

A

Erythema chronicum migrans

129
Q

What is the diagnosis of Legionellosis?

A

By serology from blood, by immune chromatography from urine.

130
Q

What kind of specimen can be sent to the microbiological diagnostic laboratory in the case of typical pneumonia?

A

Sputum and haemoculture

131
Q

Which serotype of Haemophilus influenzae can cause invasive infection?

A

The Haemophilus influenzae with capsule „b” serotype.

132
Q

Diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins? (2 example)

A

Food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome

133
Q

Which bacteria can be differentiated with the coagulase test?

A

Staphylococcus aureus (+) and the other staphylococcus species (-, so called „coagulase-negative staphylococci”)

134
Q

Which mycobacteria is apathogenic?

A

Mycobacterium smegmatis.

135
Q

Three possible ways of horizontal gene transfer

A
  1. conjugation (plasmid)
  2. transduction (bacteriophage)
  3. transformation (uptake of naked DNA from the environment)
136
Q

Which are the 2 most frequent human pathogenic Enterococcus species?

A

E. faecalis and E. faecium

137
Q

What are the non-specific treponemal serological reactions?

A

RPR and VDRL

138
Q

What is the causative agent of whooping cough?

A

Bordetella pertussis.

139
Q

What is characteristic for antibiotic sensitivity of Stenotrophomonas maltophila?

A

Multiresistant.

140
Q

What is the treatment of pseudomembranosus colitis?

A

Vancomycin per os, metronidazole, faecal transplantation.

141
Q

Which bacteria belong to diphtheroid group? (2 examples)

A

Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium minutissimum, Corynebacterium urealyticum.

142
Q

Colony morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes on blood agar plate

A

small, pin-point colonies, surrounded by large, strong beta-haemolytic zone

143
Q

List at least 2 coagulase-negative staphylococcus species (from the list provided below)!

A

S. epidermidis,
S. saprophyticus,
S. haemolyticus,
S. lugdunensis

144
Q

What kind of culture media can be used to cultivate Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Chocolate agar or Thayer Martin agar.

145
Q

Membrane function alternating antibiotics are:

A

Polymyxines

146
Q

Which streptococci show alpha-haemolysis?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans streptococci (e.g. S. mutans,
S. mitis, S. salivarius)

147
Q

What can be do prophylactic with the contact person who suffering by Neisseria meningitidis infection?

A

Chemoprophylaxis by rifampicin or ciprofloxacin.

148
Q

Definitions: bacteriostatic, bactericide

A

bacteriostatic: inhibits bacterial growth
bactericide: kills bacteria

149
Q

How can Nocardia stain?

A

Itis Gram-positive and Ziehl-Neelsen positive

150
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by Nesseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Gonorrhoea, blenorrhoea neonatorum, proctitis, orchitis.

151
Q

Which species is the Lancefield group A streptococcus?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

152
Q

Colony morphology of Staphylococcus aureus on blood agar plate

A

average size, round colonies with butter consistency, golden pigment
production and beta-haemolysis

153
Q

What are the most important Actinomyces species? (1 example)

A

Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces odontolyticus.

154
Q

How many percentage of the adults are carrier of Staphylococcus. aureus?

A

20-30%

155
Q

What kind of Vibrio species can cause human diseases? (3 examples)

A

Vibrio cholera, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus.

156
Q

What are the characteristic properties of the meningitis caused by Leptospira?

A

Serosus, non-purulent.

157
Q

What is the causative agent of Trachoma?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis A, B, C

158
Q

What is the treatment of diphtheria?

A

Passive immunisation, giving antibiotics, artificial ventilation if is necessary.

159
Q

What are the causative agents of Plaut-vincent angina?

A

Treponema vincentii and Fusobacteria.

160
Q

Detection of the presence of pyrogenic material in drugs?

A

LAL test; The blood of the horseshoe crab will coagulate in the presence of the LPS

161
Q

What is the spreading way of the plague?

A

By the bite of the rat flea, by respiratory droplets.

162
Q

What kind of specimen can be sent to the microbiological diagnostic laboratory in the case of atypical pneumonia?

A

Blood, urine, broncho-alveolar lavage.

163
Q

What is the specific diagnosis of the syphilis?

A

ELISA, TPHA, TPPA

164
Q

What kind of post streptococcal infections can be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Acute rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis

165
Q

What does MBC mean?

A

Minimal bactericidal concentration of an antibiotic measured in ug/ml.

166
Q

Which bacteria can cause gas gangrene? (2 example)

A

Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium septicum.

167
Q

What is the causative agent of trachoma?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, serotype A-C.

168
Q

What are the contents of the vaccines?

A

Live attenuated microbe; Killed microbe,
Toxoid,
Antigens of the microbe.

169
Q

What is the causative agent of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

170
Q

What is the treatment of Listeriosis?

A

Ampicillin-gentamicin is the drug of choice.

171
Q

What is the molecular background of relapsing fever?

A

Bacterial antigen changing.

172
Q

What are the causative agent of typhoid fever? (4 examples)

A

Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, C.

173
Q

In which stage of the syphilis can appear rush all over the body?

A

2nd stage.

174
Q

What is the capsule of S. pyogenes made of?

A

Hyaluronic acid

175
Q

What is the causative agent of tularemia?

A

Francisella tularensis

176
Q

What can cause Nesseria gonorrhoeae in newborns?

A

Ophthalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum

177
Q

Which streptococci show beta-haemolysis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae

178
Q

What is the causative agent of typhus exanthematicus?

A

Rickettsia prowazekii

179
Q

What does native examination of the microbe mean in microbiology?

A

The microbe is examined without killing procedure

180
Q

What is the source of the infection caused by Leptospira?

A

Zoonotic diseases, can spread by the urine of animals.

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