Semester 2 Minimum Questions Flashcards
1
Q
List two causative agent of dermatomycosis.
A
Trichopyton sp., Microsporum sp., Epidermophyton sp.
2
Q
What can JC and BK viruses cause? (1 example)
A
JC: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML); BK: haemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy
3
Q
How can chickenpox prevented?
A
By vaccine (live attenuated)
4
Q
What can VZV (Varicella Zooster virus) cause?
A
Chickenpox and shingles
5
Q
Which protozoon can cause prostatitis?
A
Trichomonas vaginalis
6
Q
Which helminth can cause protein deficiency (Kwashiorkor syndrome)?
A
Ascaris lumbricoides
7
Q
How can be treated the infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis?
A
Mebendazole
8
Q
Which fungus can cause subcutaneous mycosis?
A
Sporothrix shenkii
9
Q
What kind of diseases can be caused by dermatophytes? (3 example)?
A
Tinea pedis, T. manus, T. capitis, T. corporis, T. faciei, T barbae.
10
Q
What is the cultivation temperature of the fungi?
A
25°C and 37°C to detect the dimorphism.
11
Q
What is the causative agent of fish tapeworm disease?
A
Diphyllobothrium latum
12
Q
What are the symptoms of balantidiasis?
A
Dysentery with abdominal pain, tenesmus
13
Q
Classification of the helminths by morphology?
A
Flatworms: flukes and tapeworms; roundworms
14
Q
What are the most characteristic properties of the flukes (3 example)?
A
They are short, flat, leaf shaped, hermaphrodites, have developed digestive system
15
Q
How can be diagnosed the infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis?
A
By sticky tape or Scotch tape
16
Q
What can HHV-7 cause?
A
Encephalitis, flaccid paralysis, hepatitis, gastritis, lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, pityriasis rosea
17
Q
How can spread the Chagas disease?
A
By the faeces of the kissing bug during the bite
18
Q
What is the treatment of toxoplasmosis?
A
Spiramycin, pyrimethamine combined with sulphonamide
19
Q
List two members of Flaviviruses.
A
Yellow-fever virus, Dengue-fever virus, tick born encephalitis virus, Zika-virus.
20
Q
List two diseases caused by prions
A
Kuru, fatal familiar insomnia, Creutzfeldt–Jacob-syndrome, bovine spongiform encephalitis
21
Q
What kind of staining can be used in mycology? (2 example)
A
Gram-, methylene blue-, India ink-, PAS-, Gömöri-Grocott staining.
22
Q
What are the properties of the cyst?
A
Is responsible for surviving in unfavourable environment, not showing biochemical activity is a dormant structure
23
Q
What is the intermediate host of Taenia saginata?
A
Cattle
24
Q
What is the treatment of the Trichinella infection?
A
Mebendazole and albendazole can act only on intestinal helminths
25
How can the sleeping sickness spread?
By the bite of tsetse fly
26
What kind of disease can be caused by adenoviruses (3 examples)?
Pharyngitis, pneumonia, pertussis syndrome, pharyngoconjuctival fever, acute haemorrhagic cystitis, gastroenteritis
27
How can Hepatitis B virus spread?
By parenteral way, by sexual contact or perinatal
28
How can the protozoa be classified?
By the type of movement: amoeba, ciliate, flagellate and sporozoa
29
Prevention of malaria by chemoprophylaxis?
Chloroquine, mefloquine, doxycycline
30
Which helminth can cause paralytic ileus?
Strongyloides stercoralis
31
What can CMV (Cytomegalovirus) cause?
Hepatitis, pancreatitis, pneumonitis, nephritis, myocarditis, encephalitis,
chorioretinitis, oesophagitis, colitis, congenital infections
32
What are the causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)?
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense
33
What kind of diseases can be caused by Cryptosporidium parvum?
Watery diarrhea which lasts to 1-2 week
34
What is the treatment of taeniasis?
Niclosamide, mebendazole
35
Which helminth can cause itchiness in anus?
Enterobius vermicularis
36
What is the causative agent of lymphatic filariasis, elephantiasis?
Wuchereria bancrofti
37
What kind of diseases can be caused by low-risk group papillomaviruses?
Condyloma acuminatum, warts
38
Characterisation of the dimorphic fungus
They grow like moulds at room temperature and grow like yeast at body temperature.
39
What does arbovirus mean?
Arthropod-borne viruses
40
List three causative agent of opportunistic mycosis.
Candida sp, Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Aspergillus sp.,
Penicillium sp., Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp.
41
What is the causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis?
Naegleria fowleri.
42
How can Mumpsvirus spread and what are the symptoms?
By respiratory droplets.
| Symptoms are: inflammation of salivary gland, pancreatitis, orchitis, deafness
43
How can malaria be diagnosed
Blood: thick film, thin film stained by Giemsa, IF, PCR
44
What is the treatment of HIV infection?
By combination of nucleotide analogue and protease inhibitors
45
How can parvoviruses spread?
By respiratory droplets
46
What kind of diseases can be caused by high-risk group papillomaviruses?
Cervix cancer, tumour in oral cavity
47
How can Influenza viruses spread and what can cause (3 examples)?
By respiratory droplets.
Symptoms: high fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache,
sometimes-gastrointestinal symptoms.
48
What is the most common intermediate host of the flukes?
water snail
49
Which protozoa can spread by the bite of sand fly?
Leishmania sp.
50
What kind of helminthic infection can spread from carnivore animals to humans?
Trichinella spiralis
51
What are the symptoms of malaria (4 symptoms)?
Periodic high fever, chills, head ache pain in joints and muscle, anaemia, hepato and
splenomegaly, kidney failure
52
In which population can Toxoplasma cause serious disease?
In pregnant women and in immunocompromised population
53
What is the treatment of giardiasis?
Metronidazole
54
How can leishmaniosis diagnose?
Giemsa-staining of biopsied material
55
How can rabies prevented?
By vaccine administered post exposure
56
Treatment of balantidiasis?
Metronidazole, tetracycline
57
Which helminths can suck blood?
Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus
58
What is the treatment of the infection caused by Ancylostoma and Necator?
Mebendazole, albendazole
59
How can Caliciviruses spread and what can cause?
By fecal oral route, by contaminated water, by aerosol.
| Can cause diarrhea vomiting.
60
What are the symptoms of paragonimiasis?
Night sweats, fever, bloody sputum, chest pain, pleuritis, bronchopneumonia
61
How can Hepatitis C virus spread?
By parenteral way, by blood, by tattooing
62
What are the properties of the trophozoite?
Can move, feed, multiply and die
63
How can HTLV-1 spread?
By sexual contact, by blood and transplacental or by breast-feeding
64
What kind of diseases can be caused by fungi?
Allergic reactions, intoxications, mycosis (tissue damage of fungi).
65
What is the final host of Toxoplasma gondii?
Cats
66
How can Hepatitis E virus spread and what can cause?
By contaminated water, by raw pig and boar meat, rarely by blood transfusion and transplacental. Can cause acute hepatitis.
67
What kind of culture media can be used to cultivate fungi?
Sabouraud culture media.
68
How can Morbillivirus spread and what can cause?
By respiratory droplets and can cause measles with exanthemas and Koplic spots
69
What is the treatment of filariasis?
Diethylcarbamazin
70
How can the hydatid cysts treated?
By albendazole or surgical removing
71
What is the treatment of Chagas disease?
Nifurtimox, the chronic stage is untreatable
72
How can Hymenolepis nana infection treated?
Niclosamide
73
What can HHV2 (Herpes simplex virus 2) cause?
Genital herpes, neonatal herpes, encephalitis
74
What kind of complication may develop during measles?
Pneumonia, encephalitis and SSPE: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
75
How can Hepatitis A virus spread?
By fecal oral route, by contaminated food or water
76
What is the treatment of sleeping sickness?
Suramin, melarsoprol
77
How can Dengue-fever virus spread?
By mosquito bite
78
What can Entamoeba histolytica cause?
Amoebic dysentery, liver, lung and brain abscess
79
What is the causative agent of Chagas diseases?
Trypansoma cruzi
80
How can malaria spread?
By the bite of Anopheles mosquito, transpalcental and by transfusion
81
What are the source of the infection caused by dermatophytes?
Anthropophilic – human,
geophilic – soil,
zoophilic – animal
82
What can HHV-6 cause?
Encephalitis, pneumonitis, chorioretinitis, exanthema subitum or roseola infantum
83
Which flukes can live in the intestinal venules?
Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum
84
List two Trichophyton species.
Trichphyton rubrum, T. verrucosum, T. schonleinii, T. tonsurans
85
List three causative agent of systemic mycosis.
Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidoides immitis
86
What can Coxsackie A and B viruses cause?
A: herpangina, hand-foot-mouth disease, acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis
B: pleurodynia or Bronholm disease, myocarditis, pancreatitis
87
What kind of human diseases can be caused by Taenia solium? (2 example)
Tape worm infection and cysticercus cellulosae
88
What is the treatment of diphyllobothriasis?
Niclosamide
89
What is the causative agent of amoebic keratitis?
Acanthamoeba castellani.
90
How can Molluscum contagiosum virus spread and what can cause?
By direct contact and cause benign tumour of the skin
91
What is the treatment of cryptosporidiosis?
Oral rehydration
92
Treatment of leishmaniosis?
Stibogluconate in combination with g-IFN and amphotericin-B
93
How can Balantidium coli spread?
By fruits, vegetable contaminated by pig manure or by faecal oral route
94
What is the most common causative agent of superficial mycosis?
Malassezia furfur
95
How can elephantiasis spread?
By mosquito bite
96
What is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery?
Entamoeba histolytica
97
What is the treatment of malaria?
Chloroquine, mefloquine and artemisin, hypnozoites by primaquine
98
Which protozoon can spread by sexual contact?
Trichomonas vaginalis
99
Classification the fungi by morphology?
Unicellular or yeast, multicellular or mould and dimorphic
100
Classification of the mycosis?
Superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic, and opportunistic mycosis.
101
What is the treatment of schstosomiasis?
Praziquantel
102
What can HHV-8 cause?
Kaposi-sarcoma, lymphoma
103
List at least two asexual spore type.
Conidia, Spherule, Arthrospore, Blastopore
104
Which helminth can appear in subconjunctival region?
Loa-loa
105
How can HHV1 and HHV2 infections treated?
Acyclovir
106
Which fluke can live in the bladder venules?
Schistosoma haematobium
107
Mode of action of the antifungal drugs?
Inhibition of ergosterin synthesis, pore formation on membrane, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, inhibition of cell division
108
What are the fungal cell components (3 example)?
Cytoplasmic membrane with ergosterin, cell wall build up by chitin, glucan, or cellulose.
109
What is the intermediate host of Taenia solium?
Pig
110
What can Poliovirus cause?
Aseptic meningitis, poliomyelitis, post-polio syndrome
111
What is the causative agent of fascioliasis?
Fasciola hepatica
112
What kind of disease can be caused by parvoviruses (3 examples)?
Erythema infectiosum, hydrops fetalis, aplastic anaemia
113
Which vitamin deficiency can cause by Diphyllobothrium latum?
The lack of B12 vitamin
114
Which helminth can cause river blindness and elephant skin?
Onchocerca volvulus
115
What kind of disease can be caused by Leishmania sp.?
Cutan, mucocutan and visceral leishmaniosis
116
What is the diagnosis of trichinellosis?
Serology from blood
117
Prevention of malaria by vaccine?
Available vaccine since 2018 against Plasmodium falciparum. The content of the vaccine is a fusion protein.
118
What can Rhinoviruses cause?
Sore throat, running nose, coughing
119
Which helminth can cause diarrhoea by prolapses of rectum?
Trichuris trichiura
120
Which population is at risk during the Rubella virus infection?
Pregnant women because can cause in utero infections (congenital rubella syndrome)
121
How can Hepatitis B virus infection treated?
By interferon and nucleotide analogues
122
What are the development stages of the protozoa?
Trophozoite and cyst
123
List two Candida species.
Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis.
124
How can spread the causative agent of yellow fever?
By mosquito bite from human to human or from monkey to human.
125
What is the causative agent of rabies?
Lyssa virus
126
What is the treatment of paragonimiasis?
praziquantel or bithionol
127
What kind of specimen can be used to diagnose the Toxocara infection?
Blood for serology
128
What are the content (2 example) of Sabouraud culture media?
Antifungal agents against environmental moulds, carbohydrates, antibiotics.
129
What can EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) cause?
Mononucleosis infectiosa, Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharingeal carcinoma, oral hairy leukoplakia. (Also HL)
130
What is the causative agent of the lung fluke disease?
Paragonimus westermani
131
List two amoebas.
Entamoaeba sp., Acantamoeba sp., Naegleria sp.
132
How can Rotaviruses spread and what can cause?
By fecal oral route and can cause diarrhea and vomiting
133
Which helminths can develop hydatid cysts?
Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis
134
What are the blood flukes?
Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, S. haematobium
135
What kind of human disease can be caused by Toxocara canis?
Visceral larva migrans and ocular larva migrans syndrome
136
What is the treatment of fascioliasis?
Bithionol or triclabendazole
137
Which protozoa can cause steatorrhea?
Giardia lamblia
138
What can HHV1 (Herpes simplex virus 1) cause?
Herpes labialis, herpes simplex dermatitis, eczema herpeticum, herpes gladiatorum, herpetic whitlow
139
What are the symptoms of sleeping sickness?
Lethargy, meningoencephalitis, dementia, somnolence, coma
