Flashcards in Session 5 - Blood Osmolarity Deck (59):
1
What happens in terms of plasma osmolality when water intake is less than water excretion?
• Plasma osmolarity increases
2
In what situation does plasma osmolarity decrease?
• When water intake is greater than water excretion
3
What is the typical osmolarity of urine?
• 50-1200 Osm/l
4
Do changes in water balance affect volume?
• No, they effect osmolarity
• Problems with Na+ balance affect
5
What is the osmolarity of body fluids?
275 - 295 mOsm/kg
6
What do problems with Na+ balance cause?
• Changes in ECF volume
7
Where is plasma osmolality sensed?
• By hypothalamic osmoreceptors in the organum vasculoum of the laminae terminals (OVLT) of the hypothalamus
8
Where is the OVLT found?
• Anterior and ventral to the third ventricle
9
What is special about the OVLT?
• Fenestrated leaky endothelium which exposes it directly to systemic circulation
10
What are the two efferent pathways which regulate osmolarity?
• Thirst
• ADH
11
Which method of regulation is the first line of defence in modulating osmolarity?
ADH
12
What two changes trigger release of ADH?
• Increase in osmolarity of the blood
• Baroceptors detecting decreased stretch (low blood volume)
13
What are the effectors of thirst, and what is affected?
• Brain - Drinking behaviour
14
What is the effector of ADH, and what is the consequence?
• Kidney
• Renal water excretion
15
When is ADH released?
• When water is lost and osmolarity increases by 1%, osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus initiates release of ADH from posterior pituitary
16
How is ADH secretion inhibited?
Decreased osmolarity
17
What is thirst stimulated by?
• Large increase in fluid osmolarity
• <10% changes in osmolarity or decrease in volume
18
What is drinking induced by?
• Increase in plasma osmolarity
• Decrease in ECF volume
19
When is ADH released stimulated?
• When there is a 1% increase in plasma osmolarity due to loss of water
20
Describe ADH
• Small peptide hormone
• 9 AA long
21
What initiates the release of ADH?
• Osmoreceptors in the OVLT of the hypothalamus initiate the release of ADH from the posterior pituitaruy
22
What does ADH act on to regulate volume and osmolarity of urine?
• The kidney
23
What happens if ADH is low?
• Water diuresis will occur due to decreases reabsorption
24
What happens if ADH is high?
• Small volume of urine excreted
25
What are the three main effects of ADH?
• Increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water via the addition of aquaporin
• Increases permeability of collecting duct to urea
• Increases activity of Na/K/Cl- co-transporter in the TAL of the loop of henle (Assists in generation of hypertonic medullary intersticium)
26
Where is ADH secreted from?
• The posterior pituitary
27
Where is ADH synthesised?
• As a preprohormone in the
• Supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus
• Paraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus
• Is then sent to posterior pituitary and stored
28
Outline the effects of ADH on the nephron
• Vasoconstriction at glomerulus
• Increased Na/K+/2Cl- cotransport absorption at ascending limb of loop of henle
• Increased water reabsorption in late DT and Cortical collecting duct via addition of aquaporin 2 to the apical membrane
• Increased K+ secretion of and Urea reabsorption in cortical collecting duct
• Insert aquaporin 2 in the apical membrane of cells in collecting duct
29
What exactly does ADH in relation to Urea?
• Increases permeability of medullary region of collecting duct, causing its reabsorption
• Rise in urea concentration in the tissues allows it to passively move down its conc gradient into the ascending limb
30
What is the apical membrane of the collecting duct like the absence of ADH?
Does not contain aquaporin 2, so no water reabsorption
31
What is Urea recycling?
• ADH increases permeability of medullary part of collecting duct to urea, causing its reabsorption
• This causes water to follow (THE POINT OF ADH! :D)
• Rise in urea conc in the tissues causes Urea to passively move down its conc gradient into TAL, which is permeable to Urea but not to H20 (NO WATER REABSORPTION!)
• Urea then passes into collecting duct, where it is reabsorbed
32
What does the basolateral membrane of a cell always contain?
• Aquaporin 3 and 4
• Constantly permeable to water
• Allows water that enters across the apical membrane to pass into peritubular blood
33
How is hypo-osmotic urine generated?
• Reabsorb solute from nephron
• No ADH stimulation means no aquaporin in the DCT and collecting ducts
• Limited water reuptake in latter DCT and limited in collecting duct
• Tubular fluid rich in water passes through the hyperosmotic ranal pyramid with no change in water
34
What is required if body needs hyperosmotic urine?
• Kidney must reabsorb as much water as possible
• Requires a hypertonic interstitium
• ADH secreted and assists
35
What is the corticopapillary osmotic gradient?
• Osmotic potential of medulla increases as you go down
• Isosmotic at cortico-medullary border
Medullary intersticium hyperosmotic at papilla
36
What is the max osmolarity of the medullary interstitcium?
100 mOsmol/kg
37
What are the three key mechanisms involved in establishing the cortiocopapillary osmotic gradient?
• Active NaCl transport out of TAL
• Recycling of urea
• Unusual arrangement of blood vessels in medulla descending components act in close opposition to ascending components
38
How does the action of the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle generate the medullary gradient?
• Diluting action on filtrate
• Removes solute without water , increasing osmolarity of the intersticium
39
What do loop diuretics do?
• Block NaK2Cl transporters
• Medullary intersticium becomes isosmotic and copious dilute urine is produced
40
How is movement of urea significant?
• Permeable to most membranes
• Moves out of collecting duct, water follows
• Water is taken into peritubular capillaries
41
Outline the process of countercurrent multiplication
• Tubule filled with isotonic fluid
• Na+ ions pumped out at ascending loop into intersticium, raising osmotic pressure outside tubule and lowering it inside
• Fresh fluid enters descending limb which is permeable to water. Water leaves and enters medullary intersticium
• More fluid enters from glomerulus, pushing concentrated fluid into TAL
• Na+ pump in ascending limb pumps out more into intersticium
42
What is the final gradient of countercurrent multiplication limited by?
• The diffusional process
43
What is the max conc difference between inside and outside of the tubule?
• 200 mOsmol
44
What is counter current multiplication maintained by?
• Counter current exchange at the vasa recta
45
What is counter current exchange?
• Flow of blood in organised vasa recta opposite to flow of fluid in tubules maintains concentration gradient
46
What is the dilemma surrounding blood flow to the medulla?
• Must maintain concentration gradient (medullary hyper-tonicity)
• Need to deliver nutrients
47
What are the two ways in which vasa recta preserve the hypertonicity of the medullary intersticium?
• Low blood flow to prevent wash out
• Travel in counter current direction
48
What is the configuration for the vasa recta known as?
• Hair pin configuration
49
What is the exchange which occurs in vasa recta as it moves along the loop of henle?
• Isosmotic blood in descending limb of vasa recta enter hyperosmotic milieu of medulle
• Ions diffuse into vasa recta and water diffuses out
• Osmolarity of vasarecta increases until in reaches tip of hairpin loop, where it is isosmotic with medullary intersticium
• Blood ascending has higher solute concentration than medulla, so solute moves out and water moves in
Little net dilution
50
Where is the vasa recta most concentrated?
• At the bottom of the hair pin bend
51
What happens as the vasa recta moves up the ascending portion of the loop of henle?
• Solutes conc outside becomes less concentrated
• Water moves into vasa recta and solutes move out
52
What is SIADH?
• Syndrome of inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone secretion
53
Give a mechanism by which SIADH can come about
• Secretion of ADH is not inhibited by the lowering of blood osmolarity
54
What are the consequences of SIADH?
• Excessive amounts of water retained, causing blood osmolarity to drop and causing hyponatraemia
55
Give four causes of SIADH
• Malignant tumours secreting ADH analogues
• Head trauma causing ADH release
• Non-malignant pulmonary disorders
Drugs
56
Give five symptoms of hyponatremia
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Headache
• Confusion
Lethargy
57
What can NIADH be treated with?
• ADH receptor antagonists
• Treating underlying cause
Hypertonic saline infusion
58
Other than NIADH, give another condition which comes about as a result of abnormal ADH secretion
Diabetes insipidus
59