SFP: pediatric tumors Flashcards
(42 cards)
What is heterotopia?
Normal tissue where it doesn’t belong.
What is an example of heterotopia?
Meckel’s diverticula.
What is hamartoma?
Right tissue, right place, but too much of it.
What is the most common tumor of infancy?
Hemangioma.
Describe the general presentation of hemangiomas.
Often on the skin, face, and scalp and usually spontaneously regress. They may be disfiguring.
What do hemangiomas look like on histology?
Lots of channels of benign blood vessels.
What is a lymphangioma?
Benign overgrowth of lymphatic channels, often occurring on the skin but may be deeper and imitate an invasive tumor.
What does lymphangioma look like on histology?
Just a bunch of lymphatic channels.
What is sacrococcygeal teratoma?
A germ cell tumor that can contain endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
Are sacrococcygeal teratomas benign or malignant?
Most are benign, but depends on maturity of the teratoma.
What is the difference between mature and immature teratoma on histology?
Mature have defined differences and characteristics, where immature is just a whole bunch of immature blue cells with no real differentiation.
What are the most common malignant tumor categories in kids?
Hematopoietic, CNS, soft tissue.
Describe neuroblastoma.
Malignant neural tissue tumors often found in the adrenal gland or spine that may spontaneously regress or mature.
How do we pathologically differentiate neuroblastoma?
MKI, differentiation, stroma, patient age.
How do we clinically stage neuroblastoma?
Location, completeness of excision, patient age.
What is a bad prognostic indicator if neuroblastoma?
MYCN amplification.
What is MYCN gene?
Proto-oncogene; amplification indicates poor prognosis for neuroblastoma.
What does MYCN look like on cytology?
A bunch of dots present outside the chromosomes.
What is homer wright pseudo rosettes?
Cellular formations making a complete circle. Can be seen in neuroblastomas.
What labs can diagnose neuroblastoma?
Catecholamines in the blood (not as helpful) or catecholamine metabolites in the urine (VMA and HMA).
What are some clinical presentations of neuroblastomas?
“Blueberry muffin rash”, large abdominal rash, periorbital bruising.
What does neuroblastoma look like grossly?
Heterogenous appearing tumor sitting on the associated organ (kidney or spine). May see hemorrhage or necrosis.
What does neuroblastoma look like on histology?
Small round blue cells and pseudrosettes.
Describe retinoblastoma.
Malignant tumor that may be familial or sporadic that appears as a nodular mass in the posterior retina.
