SHB Category: C, Anatomy Flashcards
COMPLETE Pages 91-139 (359 cards)
0
Q
What is the largest joint in the horse’s body?
A
Stifle joint
1
Q
What part of the hoof wall grows at the fastest rate?
A
Toe
2
Q
How many bones are found in the horse’s skeleton?
A
205
3
Q
Which salivary gland is the largest?
A
Parotid
4
Q
How many bones are in the tarsus?
A
7
5
Q
How many teeth does a mature male horse have?
A
40-42
6
Q
How many bones are in the hock?
A
7
7
Q
What is the area where the laminae intermesh?
A
White line
8
Q
What is the elastic, wedge shaped mass located between the bars of the foot?
A
Frog
9
Q
How many ribs does a horse have?
A
36 ribs or 18 pairs
10
Q
At what age do the first permanent incisors appear?
A
2 1/2 years old
11
Q
What are the cartilage plates near the ends of long bones, sometimes referred to as growth plates?
A
Epiphyseal plates
12
Q
Name the three thoracic vertebrae that form the horse’s withers.
A
Third, fourth & fifth thoracic vertebrae
13
Q
The age of the horse can be determined by examining which teeth?
A
Incisors
14
Q
How often should horses that are kept in confinement have their feet cleaned?
A
Daily
15
Q
What are the 3 bones of the foot?
A
Coffin, navicular, and short Pastern
16
Q
What is the largest tissue mass in the horse’s body?
A
Muscles
17
Q
What is the function of short bones?
A
Absorb concussion
18
Q
What is another name for the mouth or oral passage?
A
Buccal cavity
19
Q
What is another name for the carpus?
A
Knee
20
Q
What method is used to file down the sharp projections that occur on the horse’s molars and premolars?
A
Floating
21
Q
How many splint bones does a horse have?
A
2 on each leg (total of 8)
22
Q
The withers is formed by what vertebrae?
A
3rd, 4th, and 5th thoracic vertebrae
23
Q
What term applies to the hoof wall and all the structures it contains?
A
Foot
24
How many permanent teeth does a full grown mare have?
36 teeth
25
The top area between the last rib and hips is called what?
Loin or coupling
26
How many cheek teeth does an adult horse have?
24
27
What is another name for the coffin bone?
Pedal bone or third phalanx
28
How many teeth does a mature male horse have?
40
29
What is the initial vertebrae of the cervical region
Atlas
30
What is the upper curved part of the stallion's neck called?
Crest
31
Where is the hoof wall the thinnest?
At the quarters
32
How many bones are in the vertebral column?
54
33
How long is the entire gastrointestinal tract?
100 feet
34
Specifically, where on the horse would you find chestnuts?
Above the knee on the inside of the forearm & below the hock on the inside of the cannon
35
What is the hardest working joint in the horse's body?
Hock joint
36
What is the main bone of the forearm?
Radius
37
Why can a horse chew only on one side at a time?
The upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw
38
What part of the horse is located between the back & the croup?
Loin or coupling
39
In which part f the horse do most unsoundnesses occur?
Front legs
40
Which part of the horse's hoof wall is the thickest?
At the toe
41
Where are the cocccygeal vertebrae found?
In the tail
42
What is the average number of cheek teeth located on each side of the jaw?
6 teeth on each jaw
43
What attaches muscles to the bones?
Tendons
44
What is the only leg joint without collateral ligaments?
Shoulder
45
Where, specifically, is the external loin or coupling located on the horse?
On the back between the last rib and the croup
46
What system divides the body form, supports the soft parts, and protects vital organs?
Skeletal system
47
The outer surface of the hoof wall is covered by what?
Periople and stratum tectorium
48
What is the sensitive, strong, mobile organ of prehension?
Upper lip
49
What is the tallest constant part of the horse & is located at the base of the neck & between the shoulder blades?
Withers
50
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Hinge joint (ginglymus)
51
What types of joints make up the skull?
Immovable joints
52
What is another name for the proximal interphalangeal joint?
Pastern
53
What are the 2 types of jaw movements?
Lateral (side-to-side) and up and down
54
At birth, most foals are born with how many incisors present?
zero
55
At what age does the Galvayne's groove disappear from the corner incisor?
30 years
56
Which vertebrae are located between the loin and the tail?
Sacral
57
What type of bones function chiefly as levers and aid in support of weight and locomotion?
Long bones
58
Name the 3 body systems contained in the thoracic cavity
Digestive, respiratory, circulatory
59
Which vertebrae are located between the thoracic and sacral vertebrae?
Lumbar
60
At what age has the Galvayne's groove reached the bottom of the corner incisor?
20 years
61
What is another name for the epipysis?
Growth plates
62
What is the function of the atlas vertebra?
Permits extension and flexion of the head and neck and point of attachment of skull to vertebral column
63
Which joint is formed between the surface of the sacrum and the ilium?
Sacroiliac
64
At what age do the cups disappear from the upper incisors?
9 yr. (Central), 10 yr. (Lateral), 11 yr. (Corner)
65
Which cavity contains the vital organs of the respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems?
Thoracic cavity
66
Name 5 types of teeth
Molars, incisors, premolars, temporary or milk teeth, wolf teeth, canine teeth
67
How many teeth does a one month old foal have?
4
68
Where on the horse would you find the tuber calcis?
Hock
69
What are the maxillae and mandible?
Maxillae is upper jaw, mandible is lower jaw
70
What joint is the hardest working joint in the horse's body?
Hock
71
What are retained deciduous teeth called?
Caps
72
Contraction of what membrane moves across the eye, wiping foreign substances off the cornea?
Nictitating membane (haw)
73
Which parts are included in the mesenteric part of the small intestine?
Jejunum and ileum
74
The foot and leg of the horse consists of 3 phalanges and 3 sesamoid bones. Name them.
Long pastern (1st phalanx), short pastern (2nd phalanx), Pedal or coffin bone (3rd Phalanx), 2 proximal sesamoids and 1 distal sesamoid (navicular bone)
75
What are the small pointed teeth that sometimes appear at the base of the first pre-molar teeth?
Wolf teeth
76
The pattern of these is distinct for each horse so they can be used for a means of permanent identification, what are they?
Chestnuts on the legs
77
What part of the digestive system absorbs most of the horse's minerals?
Small intestine
78
The carpus consists of how many and what kind of bones?
8 short bones
79
What extends below the coronary band for approximately 3/4 of an inch except at the heels, where it covers the bulbs and blends in with the frog?
Periople
80
How many pairs of ribs are there?
18 pairs
81
How many and what kind of bones are found in the head of the horse?
34 flat bones
82
What holds bones to bones?
Ligaments
83
The plantar ligament holds together the back of which joint?
Hock
84
What is the artificial altering of teeth by burning or chemically to make them appear younger than their actual age?
Bishoping
85
What is another name for the buccal cavity?
Mouth
86
What is the passageway to the respiratory system called?
Nasal cavity
87
What is another name for the short pastern?
Second phalanx
88
What are the vestiges left on each side of the cannon bone of modern equus from the toes of its ancestors?
Splint bones
89
Give 3 locations where short bones are found.
Complex joints such as knee, hock, and fetlock
90
What protects the bone and is the site of healing if there is a fracture?
Periosteum
91
What is the initial vertebra of the cervical region that is attached to the skull to permit extension and flexion of the head and neck?
Atlas
92
What keeps food out of the air passages when it is swallowed?
Epiglottis
93
What is the largest tissue mass in the horse's body?
Muscle
94
What does synovial fluid do?
Lubricates the joints
95
What are the 2 types of cheek teeth?
Molars and pre-molars
96
What is the pinna?
External ear
97
What is another name for the shuttle bone?
Navicular bone
98
The thoracic and pelvic limbs have the same number of bones, how many are there?
40
99
Which nerve is readily susceptible to injury, crosses the spine of the scapula and contusions will cause paralysis of the nerve?
Supraspinatus nerve
100
Situated in the hind end what is the heaviest and strongest bone in the horse's body?
Femur
101
What are the 4 teeth present in males but rarely found in mares?
Canine (Tushes)
102
Where specifically in the horse are the tibia and fibula located?
Gaskin
103
How many bones are in the horse's skull?
34 irregular shaped flat bones jointed by immovable joints
104
What appears in the incisor, as the cups disappear?
Dental stars
105
Name the 4 classifications of the horse's bones
long, short, flat, and irregular
106
What is the proper name for the cleft of the frog of the horse's foot?
Central sulcus of the frog
107
Name the part of the horse's leg found between the cannon bone and the long pastern
Fetlock joint
108
How many deciduous teeth does a 1 year old foal have?
24
109
Name one of the group of subcortical central brain structures that make up the limbic system.
Hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala
110
Muscles are attached to bones by what tissue?
Tendons
111
What is the dark opening in the center of the eye's iris through which light passes to the lens?
Pupil
112
What is the second cervical vertebra called?
Axis
113
What are deciduous teeth?
Baby teeth
114
What enables a horse to sleep standing up?
Stay mechanism
115
What attaches the horse's forelimbs to its skeleton?
Muscular sling
116
The carpus or knee of the horse corresponds anatomically to what in the human?
Human wrist
117
Name 3 main functions of bones
Act as levers, store minerals, site of blood cell formation
118
Name the 2 bones which make up the forearm.
Radius and ulna
119
How many vertebrae are in the sacral or croup?
5 fused vertebrae
120
What are the deep indentures in the center surface of the young permanent incisors which are used to help determine age?
Cups
121
Where in the horse would you find the tibia?
In the gaskin
122
What part of the horse's leg is used for identifying the horse?
Chestnuts
123
Where, specifically, in the horse would you find the humerus?
In the forearm, between the shoulder joint and elbow joint
124
What is the least movable joint in the horse's leg?
Pastern joint (proximal interphalangeal joint)
125
What is a system of check ligaments, working with the suspensory apparatus that allows the horse to sleep while standing up?
Stay apparatus
126
What is the neame of the sharp edges that are removed during the floating process?
Hooks
127
Name 5 endocrine glands.
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, ovaries, testes, uterus
128
What is the average number of bones found in the tail of a horse?
18
129
When does the horse's third permanent molar erupt?
3 1/2-4 years old
130
What is the approximate length of the horse's esophagus?
50-60 inches
131
What is the membrane lining the inside of the eyelid and covering the exposed surface of the eyeball around the cornea?
Conjunctiva
132
If the incisor's shape is round, his age is about how old?
About 15 years old
133
What is the area between the horse's eyes, derived from the Bedouin word for veil or face piece?
Jibbah
134
Which occurs first, a smooth mouth or a full mouth?
Full mouth (5 yrs) (Smooth mouth-11 years)
135
When looking at the bottom of the horse's foot, which section of the wall is between the toe and the heel?
Quarter
136
What are the 2 types of involuntary muscles found in horses?
Smooth and cardiac
137
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
18 usually but sometimes 19 or 17
138
What is the pigmented, muscular eye structure located behind the cornea that dilates and contracts the pupil to regulate the amount of light reaching the retina?
Iris
139
Specifically, where would you find the pupil of the eye?
Center of the iris
140
At what age do the permanent premolars erupt?
2 1/2, 3 & 4 years old
141
The atlas and axis are examples of which kind of vertebrae?
Cervical
142
What is the difference in the function of long bones and short bones?
Short bones absorb concussion, long bones act as lever and aid in support and locomotion
143
Name the type of corium that is attached to the horse's third phalanx
Laminar corium
144
Name the 2 classifications of muscle fibers
Slow twitch (long term and low power work) and fast twitch (for bursts of strength)
145
How many bones are in the cadual region of the horse's vertebral column?
18 (tail vertebrae)
146
Name the joint located between the femur and the tibia
Stifle joint
147
What serves as a brace structure to prevent overexpansion of the hoof wall?
Bars
148
The visceral pericardium, also know as the eipcardium, covers which internal organ?
Heart
149
What acts as a fulcrum point to redirect the pull of the deep flexor tendon against the coffin bone as the horse moves forward?
Navicular bone (distal sesamoid)
150
What extends below the coronary band for approximately 3/4 of an inch except at the heels, where it covers the bulbs and blends in with the frog?
Periople
151
Offset knees place strain on what bone and often will cause what condition?
Splint bones and splints
152
What passes through the foramen magnum?
Spinal cord
153
What and then later as dark circles near the center of the tooth?
Dental stars
154
The ilium, ischium, sacrum, and caudal vertebrae make up what?
Pelvic girdle
155
What are retained deciduous teeth called?
Caps
156
Give 2 types of joints found in the horse's leg and give an example.
Ginglymus or hinge joint (elbow joint), Enarthrosis or ball and socket joint (Hip joint)
157
What is the term for the true joints that have a joint cavity and a synovial membrane?
Diarthrosis
158
What is periosteum?
Tough membrane covering the bones throughout the body except at their points of articulation
159
What is the waxy substance that extends from the bottom of the hoof wall to the periople?
Stratum tectorium
160
Name the structure found in the horse's foot that is responsible for absorbing the shock of its stride
Frog
161
What is the term for the area of the skeleton that houses the head of the femur to form the hip joint?
Acetabulum
162
Which vertebrae are located between the neck and the loin?
Thoracic
163
What is the purpose of stratum tectorium?
Aids in preventing moisture loss
164
The cubital joint is more commonly known as what?
The elbow joint
165
What type of bones protect the horse's vital organs?
Flat bones
166
All horses, both long and short necked, have how many cervical vertebrae?
Seven
167
What is the term for when the upper permanent incisors have contact with the corresponding bottom incisor?
They are in wear
168
Which region of the horse's spine is fused together and would be found under the croup area?
Sacrum (sacral vertebrae)
169
The digital arteries supply blood to the sensitive structures located where?
In the foot
170
How many teeth are found in the mature male and female horse?
Male-- 40-42, Female--36-38
171
Name 4 ways to identify a permanent tooth from a temporary one
Permanent teeth are larger and longer, have broader neck area between the root and the crown, parallel grooves and ridges on the face of incisors, are darker in color and are flatter
172
Name 4 major ways to estimate the age of horses by the appearance of their teeth
Occurrence of permanent teeth, disappearance of cups, angle of bite, shape of the surface of permanent teeth
173
What are the intermediates, when referring to teeth?
Pair adjacent to the central incisors or centers
174
Name the joint that is subject to the greatest strain of all the joints.
Fetlock joint (metacarpophalangeal joint)
175
What bone is the strongest and heaviest bone in the body?
Femur
176
How thick is the sole of the hoof?
Varies from 3/8 inch at the toe to 1/4 inch at the heel area
177
The plantar ligament holds together the back of which joint?
Hock
178
In the skeletal system of the horse, what is the function of ligaments?
To hold bones together
179
What are chestnuts on horses?
Horn like growths found on the inside of the legs (above the knee and below the hocks)
180
Name 2 parts of the horse's leg found directly above and directly below the knee
Above--forearm, below--cannon
181
What is the tallest constant part of the horse and is located at the base of the neck and between the shoulder blades?
Withers
182
Name the two bones found in the horse's forearm
Radius and ulna
183
How many bones are there in the knee?
8 carpal bones
184
What causes the sharp enamel points on the horse's teeth?
Wear resulting from lower jaw being more narrow than the upper jaw
185
What are the centers, when referring to teeth?
2 central pairs of incisors above and below
186
Which bone forms the elbow?
Olecranon
187
Where are chestnuts found on the horse?
Inside the front legs above the knee and inside of the hind legs below the hock
188
What provides the main propulsive force for forward movement?
Hind legs
189
What are deciduous teeth?
Teeth that fall out
190
What is another name for deciduous teeth?
Milk or temporary teeth
191
How many bones are in the carpus joint and how are they arranged?
8 bones in 2 rows
192
What are 2 other names for the third phalanx?
Coffin bone, pedal bone
193
A dovetail notch appears on the upper corner incisor at what 2 ages?
7 years and between 12-15 years
194
Which bone forms the skeleton portion of the arm?
Humerus
195
What parts of the horse are used by a supple horse for balance and stability?
Head and neck
196
How is the forearm attached to the horse's body
Muscles and ligaments
197
Which is the longer bone in the forearm?
Radius
198
The lateral cartilages are wing-like structures attached to the sides or wings of the what?
Coffin bone (pedal bone)
199
What term identifies the small thin bones found on the inside of all four of the horse's cannon bones?
Splint bones (metacarpal and metatarsal bones)
200
What covers the bottom of the third phalanx and is responsible for the growth of the sole?
Sensitive sole or sole column
201
Which bone is longer, the tibia or fibula?
Tibia
202
How is the splint bone attached to the cannon bone?
First by the interosseous ligament then later changes to bones as the horse matures
203
Periople extends below the coronary band for approximately 3/4 of an inch except where?
At the heels where it covers the bulbs and blends in with the frog
204
What is the function of long bones?
Act as levers and aid in support of weight and locomotion
205
Name 2 places where flat bones are located in the horse's body
Skull and ribs
206
What are 2 other names for the third phalanx?
Coffin bone, pedal bone
207
Which bone of the horse's foot serves as a pulley for the deep flexor tendon?
Navicular bone (distal sesamoid)
208
Which muscles of the horse are the most massive powerful?
Thigh muscles
209
What is the fibro-elastic, fatty cushion that acts as a shock absorber for the foot?
Digital cushion
210
At what age does the Galvayne's groove first appear?
10 years on the upper corner incisor
211
What is the color of the retina?
Transparent
212
What region of the vertebral column is attached to the ribs?
Thoracic
213
Where is the ulna located in the horse?
Fused to the upper part of the radius which is the main bone of the forearm
214
Muscles that work against each other are called what?
Antagonists
215
What is another name for the tarsus and how many bones does it have?
Hock, 7 bones
216
At what age does a horse have a full mouth when referring to its teeth?
5 years
217
What part of the tooth first appears as a narrow yellow mark in the front of the central enamel ring and changes to dark circles near the center of the tooth as the horse ages?
Dental stars
218
At what age does a horse become smooth mouthed?
11 years
219
Which condition is the result of paralysis and disuse atrophy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles?
Sweeny
220
How many sesamoid bones are in each foot of the horse?
3 (1 distal and 2 proximal)
221
Which bone resembles a small hoof, is very porous, blood vessels pass into and out of the pores and it is located in the hoof?
Coffin bone (pedal bone, third phalanx)
222
What are the wing-like structures attached to the sides of the coffin bone?
Lateral cartilage
223
What is the elastic, fibro-fatty portion of the coronary band that is covered by a sensitive portion of the coronary band and produces and nourishes the hoof wall?
Coronary cushion
224
What is nature's hoof conditioner?
Water
225
What is the difference between true and false ribs?
True ribs are attached to the sternum by means of cartilage, false are connected to each other by cartilage
226
What do horses have on their legs that asses do not?
Chestnuts
227
Which sesamoid bone serves to provide mechanical advantages for the quadriceps muscle?
Patella
228
Muscles that work together to accomplish a movement are called what?
Synergists
229
What are the pyramid-shaped bones that serve as a pulley block for the deep flexor tendon?
Proximal sesamoids
230
What is the first bone in the hind leg when starting from the top of the body?
Pelvic girdle (os coxae)
231
What attaches the coffin bone to the hoof wall?
Sensitive laminae
232
What is the most flexible portion of the vertebral column?
Cervical region
233
What joint is most commonly called the yes-no joint?
Atlas axis joint
234
What is the name of the 2 small bones at the base of the cannon bone?
Proximal sesamoids
235
What is the more common term for the first premolar tooth?
Wolf tooth
236
What is exostosis?
Abnormal growth in the periosteum
237
What are the names of the first 2 cervical vertebrae?
Atlas and axis
238
Describe 2 defects in the horse's ears
Lopped ears and mule ears
239
The eyeball is rotated by how many muscles?
7
240
What function does the cranial cavity serve?
Encases and protects the brain
241
Name the 3 phalanges of the foot
Long pastern, short pastern, coffin bone
242
Which bones make up the gaskin?
Tibia and fibula
243
The radiocarpal, intercarpal, and carpometacarpal joints are all located where?
In the knee (carpus)
244
Since the pelvic girdle is relatively immobile, what bone is considered to be the first moving bone in the hind leg?
Femur
245
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Ball and socket (enarthrosis)
246
What is the major bone between the stifle and hock?
Tibia (fibula is smaller)
247
Where are irregular bones found?
In the spinal column
248
Abnormal growth in the periosteum is called what?
Exostosis
249
What is the largest nerve in the horse's body and is a composite of 2 important nerves of the hind limb?
Sciatic nerver
250
During overextension of the stifle joint, the patella can be pulled upwards and forward over the trochlear ridge and locks the joint in a rigid position, causing the leg to be carried behind the horse. What is this condition called?
Stifled
251
What condition would cause an enlargement of the plantar ligament due to excessive stress and strain from extreme extension of flexion?
Curb
252
What controls cannon, pastern, and foot action and movement?
Tendons and ligaments
253
What are the semi-horny structures located on the posterior-central surface of the fetlock?
Ergot
254
Name the 3 salivary glands
Parotid, submaxillary, sublingual
255
Name 2 differences in the appearance of hind feet when compared to the front feet
Hind foot is more pointed at the toe and sole is more concaved
256
What is considered to be the fingerprints of a horse?
Unique patterns on the chestnuts on the legs
257
Where on the horse is the gaskin muscle located?
Between the hock and the stifle
258
What are the small pointed teeth that appear at the base of the first premolar and are often removed?
Wolf teeth
259
Which glands are the site of equine distemper?
Salivary glands (parotid, submaxillary, sublingual)
260
What is the more common term for the olecranon?
Elbow
261
What bone is the strongest and heaviest bone in the body?
Femur
262
What is the largest bone of the rear leg?
Femur
263
What is the tough membrane that covers and protects bones and is also the site of healing?
Periosteum
264
What is the waxy substance that extends from the bottom of the hoof wall to the periople?
Stratum tectorium
265
What first appears as yellow marks in the cront central enamel ring as the cups disappear and then later as dark circles near the center of the tooth?
Dental stars
266
What attaches the hind limb to the vertebral column at the sacrum?
Pelvic girdle
267
Which ligament passes down the back of the cannon bone, divides into 2 branches, and inserts into the proximal sesamoids?
Suspensory ligament
268
How many bones are in the pelvic limb of the horse?
40
269
How is the scapula attached to the thorax?
By a muscular sling
270
Name the 2 classifications of muscle fibers
Slow twitch (long term and low power work) and fast twitch (bursts of strength)
271
Name the only lymph gland exposed to the outside environment
Tonsils
272
The pelvic floor is composed of 2 bones, name them.
Ischium and pubis
273
In the horse's body, what holds bones to bones?
Ligaments
274
In the hoof, the lateral cartilages are attached to which bone?
Third phalanx (coffin bone)
275
The wall of the horse's hoof will be the thickest in which area?
Toe
276
Describe the function and location of the sebaceous glands.
Located at base of hair follicles and open directly to the surface of the skin. They produce sebum, which is an oily, waxy substance that protects and insulates the skin
277
Where is the coronary band and why do you have to be careful with this area?
Boundary between top of hoof wall and bottom of pastern. Growth of hoof starts at coronary band
278
What is the largest organ in the horse?
Integumentary system (skin)
279
Which bone in the foot serves as a pulley for the deep flexor tendon?
Navicular bone
280
Name the largest gland in the horse
Liver
281
What bone is part of the knee joint at its top and part of the fetlock joint at its bottom?
Cannon
282
What do the letters I, C, P, and M refer to in Dental formulas?
Incisors, canines, premolars, molars
283
Name 5 bones found in the horse's head
Incisive bone (premaxillary), maxillary bone, orbit, temporal fossa, nasal bone, mandible, frontal bone
284
Name 5 classifications of synovial joints
hinge joint (ginglymus), sliding joint, ball and socket joint, pivot joint, ellipsoid joint
285
Name 4 parts of a typical synovial joint
Articular cartilage, synovial membrane, fibrous joint capsule, collateral ligaments
286
Name 2 types of diarthrosis joints
Hinge joint (Ginglymus) and ball and socket (endoarthrosis)
287
What is another name for the distal interphalangeal joint?
Coffin joint
288
What is the periople and what is its function?
Narrow band above the hoof wall encircling the coronary band. Produces a waxy substance that maintains moisture in the horse's hoof wall
289
What directs the blood towards the heart in veins?
Cusps
290
Which are softer, deciduous or permanent teeth?
Deciduous teeth
291
What is another name for the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Fetlock joint
292
Name a function of the navicular bone
Provides articulating surface for the coffin bone and provides important bearing surface for the deep flexor tendon
293
Name 2 types of cartilanginous joints
Symphysis (invertebral discs), growth plates (ends of long bones)
294
Specifically, where would you find the axis?
On the top of the cervical column, the first cervical vertebrae in the poll region
295
What is another name for the hip bone?
Tuber coxae
296
The ciliary muscle is important in the use of which sense?
Vision (sight)
297
Name the 4 bones of the thigh and hind leg
Femur, patella, tibia, fibula
298
What is the more common term for the cubital joint?
Elbow joint
299
Name 2 of the 4 components of plasma
Water, proteins, ions, lipids
300
What is the function of the horse's orbital cavity?
It's the bony socket that protects the horse's eye
301
Explain why the words "foot" and "hoof" do not mean the same thing
Foot refers to all of the internal structures of the foot, hoof refers only to the outer wall, sole, and frog
302
Name the 2 types of fibrous joints.
Suture (joints of skull) and syndesmosis (between shafts of some long bones)
303
In the gaskin, which bone is the weight bearing bone?
Tibia
304
What is the function of the bars in the horse's feet?
Help support the horse's foot and keep it open at the heels
305
The bottom surface of the frog is marked by a depression called what?
Central sulcus or cleft
306
Name 4 internal structures found in the foot.
Insensitive laminae, sensitive laminae, coffin bone, navicular bone
307
Name 3 things to look for when estimating the age of a horse by examining the teeth.
Occurrence of the permanent teeth, disappearance of the cups, angle of incidence, shape of surface of the permanent teeth
308
What supports the guttural pouches, pharynx, larynx, and root of the tongue?
Hyoid apparatus
309
Name the first cervical vertebra and its function
Atlas, function is extension and flexion of head and neck
310
Name 12 parts of the head and neck
Forehead, face, bridge of nose, nostril, muzzle, upper lip, lower lip, throatlatch, neck, poll, crest, eyes, ears, jaw, jugular groove, forelock, chin groove, chin
311
Why is the shoulder joint also known as the scapulo-humeral joint?
It is formed by the bones of the scapula and the humerus
312
What type of keratinized cells make up most of the horse's hoof wall?
Epithelia cells
313
What is the more common term for the humeral joint?
Shoulder joint
314
What is collagenous connective tissue containing many nourishing blood vessels and nerve andings and blends into the periosteum of the distal phalanx?
Corium
315
What is the main artery of the hindlegs?
Femoral artery
316
The horse has 18 pairs of ribs, how many and which pairs are true ribs?
8 Pairs, they are the first 8 pairs and connect to the sternum
317
What is the orbital cavity?
Bony socket that surrounds and protects the eye
318
When taking the horse's pulse on the leg, pressure is applied to the artery that rests against which bone?
Sesamoid
319
Name 2 ways the hind foot differes from the front foot in shape.
Hindfoot is narrower and more pointed
320
Give 2 physical reasons why a horse's teeth may need to be floated
Lateral grinding motions cause sharp inner edges that damage soft tissue in the mouth. Poor alignment of cheek teeth causes unworn edges to form hooks that cause problems.
321
What is the medical name for a group of 5 sensitive structures in the horse's foot, where growth of all portions of the hoof and foot originate?
Corium
322
Which small tooth may interfere with the bit?
Wolf tooth
323
Explain the difference between erythrocytes and hemoglobin.
Erythrocytes are circulating red blood cells, Hemoglobin is the oxygen carrying element within red blood cells
324
What is the transparent membrane forming the front part of the eyeball?
Cornea
325
Where specifically on the horse would you find the pasterns?
On all 4 feet between the coronary band and fetlock joint
326
What are the outer 4 incisors called?
Corners
327
At what age do the cups disappear from the lower incisors?
6 yrs (central), 7 yrs. (lateral) and 8 yrs (corner)
328
What is the part of the horse that enables the horse to sleep while standing up or to lock its lower legs in extension without muscular effort?
Stay apparatus
329
What bone is centered between the knee and the fetlock?
Cannon bone
330
What is the function of the horse's shoulder girdle?
Holds the scapula (Shoulder) in place and aids in movement of the horse's shoulder
331
Where in the horse would you find the pleura?
It's the serous membrane that encloses the horse's lungs and lines the thoracic cavity
332
What is the proper name for a horse's front teeth?
Incisors
333
Name the joint located between the femur and the tibia
Stifle joint
334
Give the common name for the tarsal joint
Hock
335
Name the vital organ found in the center of the horse's chest cavity, between the lungs and opposite the third to sixth ribs
Heart
336
What is the proper name for the shuttle bone?
Distal sesamoid bone or navicular bone
337
What causes stability of the joints in the forelimb and permits the horse to stand while sleeping?
Stay apparatus
338
Name the 4 classifications of bones and give an example of each
Long-in the legs (femur), short- in the knees, hocks, and fetlock (carpal bones), flat- found in the skull and ribs (rib), irregular-in the spinal column (vertebra)
339
Name and describe the 3 major types of joints
Fibrous joints (immovable, turns to bone with age), cartilaginous joints (limited movement), synovial joints (movable)
340
The Spanish Mustang's lower legs may be missing which two parts?
Rear chestnuts and ergots
341
Describe and give the specific location of the longissimus clorsi
Longest and largest muscle in the horse's body. Extends from horse's neck (vertebral column) to sacrum (peak of croup)
342
The digit of the horse consists of 3 phalanges and 3 sesamoid bones. Name them.
Long pastern (1st phalanx), short pastern (2nd phalanx), coffin or pedal bone (3rd phalanx), 2 proximal sesamoids, 1 distal sesamoid (navicular bone)
343
What are the 6 sections of the skeleton and how many bones make up each section?
Vertebral column-54, ribs-36, sternum-1, skull-34, thoracic limbs-40, pelvic limbs-40
344
Name the 5 bones of the pelvic girdle
Ilium, pubis, ischium, sacrum, caudal vertebrae
345
What are the 5 sections of the spinal column of the horse and how many bones are in each?
Cervical (neck) 7 bones, Thoracic (Back) 18 bones, Lumbar (loin) 6 bones, Sacral (croup) 5 fused bones, Coccygeal (caudal or tail) 18 bones
346
Name the 5 bones found in the horse's skull
Incisive bone (premaxillary), nasal bone, maxillary bone, mandible, orbital (not orbital cavity), frontal bone, temporal bone
347
Bones are classified as long, short, flat and irregular. Give the function of each.
Long-levers, aids in support and locomotion. Short-absorbs concussion. Flat-encloses cavities containing vital organs and provides areas for attachment of muscles. Irregular-protects central nervous system.
348
What are the 7 joints of the pelvic limb?
Sacroiliac, hip, stifle, hock, fetlock, pastern, coffin
349
Name 3 differences between temporary and permanent teeth in appearance.
Permanent teeth are larger and longer, have a broader neck area between root and crown, have parallel grooves and ridges on the face of incisors, and are larger and flatter
350
Name the 5 coriums found in the horse's foot
Perioplic corium, coronary corium, laminar corium, sole corium, frog corium
351
Name the 4 major parts of the horse's hindgut
Cecum, large colon, small colon, rectum
352
Name 5 parts of the horse's eye
Corpora nigra, ciliary muscle, pupil, lens, iris, cornea, anterior chamber, retina, vitreous humor, choriod, optic nerve, sclera
353
Describe 4 characteristics of a horse's permanent teeth
Large, strong, flatter, parallel grooves on the face of incisors, darker in color, broader neck
354
Name 5 bones found in the horse's face
Occipital bone, temporal, premaxilla, nuchal crest, maxilla, mandible, parietal, frontal, sutural bone, nasal
355
Name 5 things that would indicate a healthy hoof
Firm, slightly pliable, intact frog, no thrush or discharge, firm thick sole with no excessive give to thumb pressure, uniform thickness and free of discoloration of white line, no fever rings or heat in shiny hoof wall, pulse rate the same in both feet
356
Name the 6 joints found in the horse's forelimbs in order from top to bottom
Shoulder, elbow, knee (carpus), fetlock, pastern, coffin
357
Name the 5 different divisions of the horse's vertebral column, their location, and the number of bones in each one.
Cervical (neck) 7 bones, Thoracic (Back) 18 bones, Lumbar (loin) 6 bones, Sacral (croup) 5 fused bones, Coccygeal (tail) 18 bones
358
Name and describe the 3 stages of development in the epiphyseal plates in the knee.
Type A- closed knees, Type B- partially closed knees, Type C- open knees
