SHB Category: G Training Flashcards
Pages 254-285 Left off on page 271 (223 cards)
1
Q
Man’s most effective method of communication with the horse are what?
A
Hearing (voice command) and touch
2
Q
When should halter training begin?
A
Before the wearing process or just after weaning before the horse gets too large to handle
3
Q
What is the scientific name for the donkey?
A
Equus asinus
4
Q
What 2 factors influence the behavior of the performing horse?
A
Hereditary and environment
5
Q
What term means the knowledge of the skills necessary for the riding and care of horses?
A
Horsemanship
6
Q
What are the most common cues used in horse training?
A
Voice commands and pressures
7
Q
Placing insufficient emphasis on temperament is a common mistake by whom?
A
First time horse owners
8
Q
Who has the better sense of hearing, horse or man?
A
Horses
9
Q
Horses afflicted with pulmonary hemorrhage are called what?
A
Bleeders
10
Q
Primary and secondary reinforcement may be divided into what general types?
A
Positive and negative
11
Q
How many inches are in one hand?
A
4
12
Q
How do horses establish “pecking orders”?
A
By fighting
13
Q
When is a horse most apt to strike at another horse?
A
When there is nose to nose contact
14
Q
What is the term for a fully trained horse?
A
Finished
15
Q
One year in a horse’s life is equal to how many year’s of man’s life?
A
3 years of man
16
Q
Give an example of a primary reinforcement.
A
Feed
17
Q
Members of what breed of horses are among the most highly trained horses in the world?
A
Lippizans
18
Q
What is the initial step in training?
A
Teaching horse to accept the halter and to lead
19
Q
What is the proper way to use a hoof pick?
A
Pick should be run from the heels towards the toe
20
Q
What are protective pieces (usually made of metal) fastened to the bottom of a horse’s hooves that protect the wall?
A
Shoes
21
Q
What is a bad habit that can affect a horse’s usefulness?
A
Vice
22
Q
Behavior in a performing horse is the result of what 2 influences?
A
Heredity and environment
23
Q
Which vice may be a sign of fungus, lice, or worms?
A
Tail rubbing
24
Q
In very cold weather, what should be done to the bit of prior to placing it in the horse’s mouth?
A
Warm it
25
How is dominance in horses established?
By fighting or aggression
26
When training a horse to neck rein, is the direct rein or bearing rein introduced first?
Direct rein
27
Which leg is the near leg
Left leg
28
What is a cue?
A signal that causes a response
29
When measuring a horse in hands, where would the measurement be made?
From the highest point of the withers and straight down to the ground
30
What are stimuli that can naturally cause a response with no prior practice?
Unconditioned stiumli
31
What term describes when a horse attacks or savages an unsuspecting attendant in a stall or paddock?
Charging
32
What term describes a bad habit that may affect the horse's usefulness or be dangerous to itself or handlers?
Vice
33
The temperament of a horse is expressed by what?
Eyes and ears
34
Name 3 factors that influence the social rank of horses.
Age, early experience, weight, size, aggressive personality, timid personality
35
Give 5 reasons for a horse to have behavior disorders.
Confinement, restrictions of exercise, boredom, being left alone, poor handling, mismanagement, poor nutrition, bad experiences
36
Hooves should always be picked in which direction?
Heel to toe
37
What type of behavior is exhibited by horses huddled together during inclement weather?
Contactual behavior
38
What is a forward and sideways kicking action that hits the handler while standing at the horse's side?
Cowkick
39
When a horse is exercised, is its energy need increased or decreased?
Increased
40
What is allelomimetic behavior?
Copying or mimicry
41
Which of the horse's senses is being developed as it learns to respond to the rider's hands, legs, and weight?
Sense of touch
42
When referring to a group of animals, what is the more common term for dominance heirarchy?
Pecking orders
43
What horse identification method corresponds to fingerprinting?
Matching chestnuts on the horse's legs
44
What size horse shoe would usually fit an average sized horse?
Number 1 shoe
45
Horse training reinforcements are of 2 general types-name them.
Positive and negative reinforcements
46
Name 2 methods of conditioning with adversive stimuli.
Punishment, escape, avoidance,
47
When trailering a mare and foal, should both the mare and foal be tied or just the mare and not the foal?
Just the mare should be tied
48
What is used to help load a reluctant horse in a trailer?
Butt ropes
49
What is a habit in which the horse rolls his food into a ball and drops it on the ground?
Quidding
50
How does the horse use its binocular vision?
To judge or see distance objects
51
What is geophagia?
Eating of dirt
52
Which is stronger: the horse's sense of sight or of hearing?
Hearing
53
What type of behavior is exhibited when horses show care and attention to each other, especially the care between a mare and her foal?
Epimeletic behavior
54
What term describes the behavior of a mare giving attention to her foal?
Epimeletic behavior (care giving)
55
What term describes the olfaction of the male horse, when he extends his neck upward and curls his lip in the presence of a mare in estrus?
Flehman response
56
What is the oldest means of identification for permanently marking a horse?
Hot iron branding
57
Describe the body condition of a horse that has a gutter or crease down its back.
Fat or obese
58
How long should a new horse ideally be isolated before being added to the herd?
30 days
59
What type of behavior is exhibited by signaling for care and attention by calling a movements?
Et-epimeletic behavior
60
What type of behavior is the taking of food and water into the digestive tract?
Ingestive behavior
61
What term describes the 'reward' type of training?
Positive reinforcement
62
The horse's ability to focus on objects is limited by the distance of the object. Within what range is a horse's vision primarily blurred?
Within 3 feet or less
63
The trainer manipulates the environment by dividing it into what 3 elements?
Stimulus, reinforcements, and responses
64
What is the first step in learning to stop or back correctly?
Learning to flex at the poll when pressure is applied on the bit
65
Which type of stimulus is used most commonly in the trained horse?
Conditioned stimulus
66
Learning to cross the front legs is the first step of learning what?
Spin or roll-back
67
What is elimination behavior?
Behavior that involves urination or defecation
68
What type of behavior is exhibited by both young and adult horses signaling for care and attention by calling or movement?
Et-epimeletic behavior
69
What type of behavior includes submission, attempts to escape, aggression or fighting?
Agonistic behavior
70
The basis of the psychology of horse training is the relationship of what 3 factors on each other?
Stimulus, responses & reinforcements
71
Dressage is derived rom a French word that means what?
Training
72
What is the term used in training horses that refers to specific types of behavior?
Responses
73
Why must a trainer start with basic cues?
They are closer to being natural & easier to learn
74
Into what 2 broad categories can you divide reinforcements?
Primary & secondary
75
Which of the 2 categories of stimulus are most commonly used by horsemen?
Conditioned
76
What is the most common term for conditioned stimulus in training?
Cues
77
What is the average weight of a race horse shoe?
About 6 - 10 ounces
78
What is Et-epimeletic behavior?
Both young & adult horses signaling for care & attention by calling or movement
79
How is wood chewing different from cribbing?
Wood chewing does not force swallow gulps of air
80
What is the average weight of a saddle horse shoe?
About 12 or 14 ounces
81
What is good general rule when selecting a horse as far as the amount of training of the horse?
More inexperienced the rider the better trained the horse should be
82
Which can a horse inflict the more damage with, a kick or a bite?
Both can be equally damaging
83
Name 2 characteristics that overactive ears suggest about a horse?
Nervous disposition or difficulty in perceiving sight or sound
84
What type of behavior is also referred to as contagious or infectious behavior?
Allelomimetic behavior
85
What type of behavior involves the sensory inspection of the environment & involves one or all of the horse's senses?
Investigative behavior
86
What is it called when a stallion curls its upper lip & extends his neck during the teasing of a mare?
Flehmen response
87
Describe the correct process for presenting a new cue to horses.
Present the new cue followed by the old cue, make sure that the timing is close enough to slightly overlap
88
When are most of the growth plates closed in a young horse?
About 3 years old
89
When the horse is generally compared to other animals, it does not rank high on the tests for intelligence & it doesn't have an ability to reason How does it learn while having these limitations?
Learns to respond to very subtle cues or aids & possesses an outstanding memory.
90
Why should a trainer of a young horse, use voice commands more than other cues?
Horses utilize their sense of hearing better then their other senses
91
Learning to flex at the poll when pressure is applied o the bit is the first step in learning what?
Stop or back correctly
92
Name a secondary positive reinforce for the horse.
General acts of kindness (pat on the neck)
93
Horses standing head-to-tail in the shade & mutually fighting flies for each other is what type of behavior?
Epimeletic
94
In degrees, what is the field of vision for each eye?
215 degrees
95
What exercise is used to increase stamina, wind & muscle tone while preventing trauma to feet & legs caused by concussion?
Swimming
96
Which are the 2 most dangerous vices to man?
Biting & kicking
97
If your horse gets cut on a sharp metal object, what type of wound would this most likely be?
Incision
98
Where are the horse's blind spots?
Behind its hindquarters & below his head
99
What are the 3 most sensitive areas to touch on a horse's body?
Around the eyes, ears & nose
100
What is the horse's primary behavioral characteristic of self protection?
Flight
101
What type of behavior is seeking affection or protection?
Contactual
102
What is the average rate of hoof wall growth per month & how often do mature horses need their hooves trimmed?
1/4 to 1/2 inch per month, making shoeing or trimming necessary every 6 - 8 weeks
103
Which organization began in 1980 & has an official publication called Aside World?
World sidesaddle Federation, Inc.
104
What term applies to a horse that belongs to a specific breed & has 'papers' to document its ancestors?
Registered horse
105
What is it called when fluid accumulates below the knee & hocks after long periods of standing?
Stocking up or leg edema
106
Horses that are base-narrow & toe in or toe out will have uneven wear of the hoof wall. Which part of the wall will wear down faster?
Outside wall is worn down at a faster rate than the inside wall
107
How does freeze branding work?
It destroys pigment cells of the skin causing regrowth of hair on frozen area to be white
108
What solution can you give to help a horse suffering from heat cramps?
Electrolytes
109
In training horses, what is a conditioned response?
Response that is learned through practiced
110
If you can easily feel a horse's ribs through a thick winter hair coat, what kind of body condition would you find?
Horse that is too thin
111
What is agonistic behavior?
Behavior that involves submission, attempts to escape, aggression or fighting
112
Give 3 reasons for horses chewing on the bark of trees & tail chewing
They like to chew wood, or deprivation of roughage or nutrients, boredom, lack of exercise, imitating other horses
113
The nails on an attached horse shoe should be parallel to what part of the horse?
Coronary band
114
What piece of equipment is used to remove the burr of the wall underneath the nil clinch?
Clinching gauge
115
What term describes the ingestion of feces?
Coprophagia
116
Describe the Y-Tex corporation system of alpha characters for freeze branding horses.
Alpha characters used to identify the breed, 2 stacked angles represent the year of birth, 6 side by side underlined angles designate identification or serial number of horse
117
What are the 2 primary types of policies for insuring a horse's life?
All Risks Mortality(ARM) or full mortality & Specialized Perils (such as FLT-fire, lightning & transportation accidents)
118
What are the 3 most common horse shoe nail sizes?
4,5 & 6
119
Horses will likely establish this area in a pasture or paddock and will not graze in that area until there is no other source of feed. What is this area called and which type of behavior is being practiced?
Elimination Area and Elimination behavior
120
Which event can be compared to ballet training because it progressively develops the horses musculature and coordination until the horses carriage and beauty are free to be displayed to the maximum of the horses ability?
Dressage
121
What is the term for the examination performed on sale horses by the buyers veterinarian prior to the final sale approval?
Pre-purchase exam
122
What is the highest level of certification in the American riding instructor certification program?
Instructor/Educator
123
Unscrupulous horse dealers may use silver nitrate to burn cups into worn incisions what is this practice called?
Bishoping
124
What is the main cause of horse barn fires?
Human carelessness while smoking
125
What is the rhythmical swaying back and forth while standing at the stall door?
Weaving
126
What is it called when a farrier removes flares on the hoof wall?
Dressing or shaping the hoof
127
What 2 effects can artificial lighting produce on horses?
Aids in shedding hair and estrus schedules
128
What piece of equipment is used to remove dead sole fro the hard, dry hooves?
sole knife
129
Name the 3 classifications of vices.
Dangerous to the handler, dangerous to the horse, nuisance habits
130
What piece of equipment is used to pare away the dead sole from the hoof, remove ragged parts from the frog, relieve pressure on corns and cracks, and to remove foreign bodies from the foot?
Hoof knife
131
What piece of equipment is used to shape and make shoes?
Rounding or turning hammer
132
What is ingestive behavior?
behavior that involves taking of food or water into the digestive tract
133
What are outward distortions on the hoof wall called?
flares or wings
134
What type of behavior involves coping the behavior of another horse?
Alleomimetic behavior
135
What is caused by a constant irritation to a part of the sole usually from poor shoeing?
corns
136
What piece of equipment is used to draw down the clinches?
Clinchers (clinching tongs)
137
What piece of equipment is used to hold hot shoes while shaping although they can also be used to hold cold shoes?
Fire tongs
138
What term describes one who trims and applies shoes to the horse's hooves?
Farrier
139
What type of behavior occurs in hoofed animals recognized by a marked lip curling and is often seen in stallions although mares do the same thing?
Flehmen reflex
140
What piece of equipment is designed for easy removal of driven nails from creased or fullered shoes and can also be used to pull nails from pads on showhorses?
Crease nail puller
141
What piece of equipment is used to cut off clinches, turned-over or wrung off nails to an equal length?
nail cutters (nail nippers)
142
The oxidative phosphorylation breaks down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy (ATP) with the involvement of oxygen, what type of exercise is this?
Aerobic (uses oxygen)
143
Name 2 factors that make today's horses more docile, more trainable, and more tractable than those of 30 years ago?
Heredity and increased handling at earlier ages
144
What type of shavings would not be used for bedding because horses can develop founder from it?
Black walnut
145
What is the Horse's most important sense for responding to cues from the rider?
Sense of touch
146
Name 2 general types of clinchers used by farriers.
Saddle horse clinchers, gooseneck clinchers, draft horse clinchers
147
What type of behavior is the giving of care and attention between a mare and a foal?
Epimeletic behavior
148
What term describes a horse who does not want to leave the barn because he feels safer there?
barn sour horse
149
The North American Equine Ranching Information council represents who?
Professional ranchers who manage nearly 500 pregnant mares Urine (PMU) ranchers
150
What is the function of PMU ranching?
Collection of pregnant mares urine for the key source of hormones used in the worlds leading estrogen replacement therapy--used to treat osteoporosis and relieve short term symptoms of menopause
151
What piece of equipment is used to open the nail holes on the shoe to receive the horse shoeing nail?
Pritchel
152
What is aerophagia?
Wind sucking (similar to cribbing not pneumovagina)
153
What term is used by behaviorists to refer to training the horse?
Shaping
154
Explain metabolic specificity of exersize.
One must train specifically for that particular event to be good at it (training for 1/2 race will not make horse it's best for running 1 1/2 mile race)
155
What piece of equipment consists of two parts: the blade and the point, and is used to set or raise the clinchers and to punch nail holes and broken stubs out of the hoof?
Clinch cutter
156
What piece of equipment is designed to protect the horseshoer's legs from unfinished driven nails and hoof cutting tools that may slip while in use?
Horseshoeing apron
157
What piece of equipment is used to drive horseshoe nails and to turn over or wring off nails after they have been driven to the proper height?
Driving hammer
158
What piece of equipment is sometimes called the shoeing hammer?
Driving hammer
159
How can pinchers or pull offs be easily distinguished from nippers at a glance?
Pinchers have knobs on the ends of the handles
160
What piece of equipment is used to remove shoes, nail stubs, and improperly driven nails?
Pull offs or pinchers
161
What piece of equipment is used to determine the exact half angle and toe length so the corresponding pair of feet can be trimmed the same length and angle?
Hoof gauge (divider or rule)
162
What is the average weight of a draft horse shoe?
about 16 ounces
163
What piece of equipment is used to remove the surplus growth of the wall?
Hoof nippers
164
What are 4 signs of aging in a horse?
drooping lower hip, sway back, deep hollows above eyes, graying hair, changes in teeth
165
What does the term "response" refer to in horse training?
Acts or movements of the horse
166
What is the term for when and how often a response is reinforced during the training process?
Schedule of reinforcement
167
What piece of equipment is used to make a level bearing surface after the hoof has been trimmed and to dress a distorted or flaring foot?
Rasp
168
What type of behavior involves the taking of food or water into the digestive tract?
Ingestive behavior
169
Name 3 problems that can result from wood chewing.
Mouth infections, colic, excessive tooth wear
170
What is the first thing that should be done for a horse suffering from heat exhaustion?
Spray them with cold water and move them to shade
171
what kind of shoe is used to support a horse with navicular problems?
bar shoe-- pressure of the horse's heel
172
What does the capital E stand for in freeze branding?
unregistered or grade horse
173
What is a pritchel used for?
To open nail holes in a horse shoe
174
What is another name for a machine-made horseshoe?
Keg shoe
175
What is the 28 hour law?
Law in US that prohibits transporting livestock for a period longer than 28 consecutive hours without unloading, feeding, watering, and resting for at least five hours before resuming transportation
176
Name 4 major ways to estimate a horse's age by the appearance of their teeth.
Occurrence of permanent teeth, disappearance of cups, shape of surface of permanent teeth, and angle of teeth
177
Name four forms of doing business as related to horse ownership and horse management.
Sole proprietorship, partnership, syndicate, S corporation, regular coporation
178
What is the normal range of the horse's heart rate, when it is running or swimming?
210-240 beats per minute
179
Give 4 reasons why exercising a horse in a swimming pool is beneficial for the horse.
Increases wind, improves muscle tone, increases stamina, prevents concussion to limbs
180
What type of balance of the hoof take into account the horse's conformation and its prime consideration that will provide for the need of most breeds?
Geometric or static
181
What type of balance of the hoof deals with the alteration of foot movement and involves corrective shoeing?
Functional or dynamic balance
182
The functional balance of the horse's hoof has 3 dimensions around the X, Y, and Z axes. Horseman refer to these characteristics as what?
X= foot fall Y= lateral swing and Z= animation
183
Name 6 vices that are dangerous to horses.
Fighting, shying, cribbing, wood chewing, eating bedding, manure or dirt, bolting feed
184
What are 3 ways to prevent cocked ankles in foals?
Exercise, not overfed, trim feet to keep frog pressure
185
What is investigative behavior?
Behavior that involves the sensory inspection of the environment that involves one or all of the horse's senses.
186
What term is defined as equal weight distribution around the center of gravity of the horse's limb as it relates to horse shoeing?
balance
187
Glycolysis breaks down glucose or glycogen into lactic acid and does not use oxygen, what type of exercise is this?
anaerobic
188
Name 5 factors that would influence the purchase of a horse.
Cost, breed, daily/monthly expenses, registered/grade, color, horses training, experience of horse, experience of rider, age of horse, sex, size, pre-purchase exam results, suitability for use
189
What type of behavior is exhibited by mutual mimicking?
Allelomimetic
190
What term describes the conditioned stimuli used in training horses?
cues
191
Name 7 general considerations when selecting a horse other than the purpose for which it will be used.
General appearance, temperament, training, breed or type, pedigree, age, sex, color, size, conformation, soundness, way of going
192
Name 3 forces responsible for the horse's behavior.
Intelligence, training, experience, heredity
193
What are 3 benefits that a horse receives from swimming?
Conditions and exercises horse, increases stamina, increases wind, prevents concussion/trauma to young horses in training, improves muscle tone.
194
When is contingent reinforcement most effective?
When reinforcement is given immediately
195
What is allelomimetic behavior?
behavior that involves copying or mimicking other horses
196
Name a type of specialized shoe commonly used on reining horses.
Sliding plates
197
Describe how to correctly pick up the left front hoof.
Run your right (I think it is actually left but the question says right) hand down the front leg starting at the shoulder, at the cannon bone lean into your horse with your shoulder, ask horse to pick up the hoof, cradle the front of the hoof in your hand
198
What is the major detrimental effect of wood chewing?
Structural Damage
199
What is the tern for a horse that is owned by a group of several people?
Syndicated
200
Besides the trailer hitch, what should also be used to attach the trailer to the vehicle?
Safety chains
201
What does a skin pliability test determine?
Dehydration
202
What term describes when a horse consciously squeezes the handler against the wall of the stall with its body?
Crowding
203
Name the area where a horse is most likely to develop a saddle sore.
On its withers
204
What is Epimeletic behavior?
Giving care and attention between a mare and a foal.
205
What piece of equipment is used to determine the location of a painful area in the foot of a lame horse?
Hoof tester
206
Approximately how long can dressage training take to reach the highest levels
8 years or longer
207
What are 2 types of papers that are required to accompany a horse that is shipped interstate?
Health certificate, statement of ownership and negative Coggins test
208
The checked pattern or trademark on a beveled head of the horse show nail should be facing where when nailed to the hoof?
Facing the center of the hoof.
209
What is the lowest level of certification in the American Riding Instructors Certification Program?
Instructor in Training
210
In what direction should a horse's hooves be picked out?
from heel to toe
211
How many mares are on am average PMU ranch?
108
212
Which organization was established to help promote safe, knowledgable riding instruction by keeping member instructors well informed of matters pertaining to their profession?
American Riding Instructors Association
213
What sense is being used during the flehmen response?
Sense of smell (olfactory)
214
when a horse has its shoes reset, the new nail holes should be how much higher than the older nail holes?
at least 3/8 of an inch
215
Name 3 vices that are dangerous to man and 3 that are dangerous to the horse.
Dangerous to man- biting, nipping, striking, rearing, kicking, charging, and crowding
Dangerous to the horse- cribbing, wood chewing, eating manure, dirt or bedding, bolting feed, fighting, and shying
216
Name 3 reasons why horse shoes may be necessary.
Protect horse's foot, provide traction, correct or influence the stance, correct or improve abnormal and pathological conditions
217
Name 5 factors that influence the size of the horse shoe.
Length of shoe heels, position of the heel nail hole, web or width of shoe, weight or thickness of shoe, nail hole size, nail hole position
218
Name 10 of the 12 specialities in the American riding instructor certification program.
Hunt seat, stock seat, saddle seat, dressage, combined training, side – saddle, driving, open jumper, recreational riding, mounted patrol training officer, distance riding: endurance and competitive, and vaulting
219
Give 3 reasons why to exercise horses in swimming pools that is beneficial to conditioning the horse.
Increase stamina, increase wind, prevent concussion trauma to legs and feet, improves muscle tone
220
Name 3 forces responsible for the horse's behavior
intelligence, training, experience, heredity
221
Name four factors that influence the style of horse shoe selection.
Type of work, terrain that the horse is worked on, integrity of horse's foot, size and weight of horse, variety of ground surface patterns availible
222
Name 5 areas of the horse that are especially sensitive to touch.
Ears, eyes, nose, withers, ribs, legs, and flank
223
Describe 4 ways to exercise a horse that is unable to be ridden.
Lounging, walking, swimming, turn out in pasture, put on mechanical walker
