SHB Category: A, Nutrition Flashcards
Pages 1-39 Complete Deck (284 cards)
1
Q
What are the 2 basic classifications of forages?
A
Legumes and grasses
2
Q
What is probably the simplest and least expensive dry method of processing grains?
A
Grinding
3
Q
Which feed is used extensively in diets for horses that have respiratory problems such as heaves?
A
Beet pulp
4
Q
Proteins are made up of a chain of smaller units called what?
A
Amino acids
5
Q
What is the most economical source of supplemental protein?
A
Soybean meal
6
Q
What is the general term for amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied by the diet?
A
Essential amino acids
7
Q
Which protein supplement contains more lysine than most other vegetable proteins?
A
Soybean meal
8
Q
What is the most common method used to process forages?
A
Baling
9
Q
How much water will a 1,000 pound horse drink per day?
A
10-12 gallons per day
10
Q
What is the most important factor affecting the quality of a forage at the time of harvesting?
A
Stage of maturity
11
Q
What is the most commonly cubed forage?
A
Alfalfa
12
Q
Hay stored indoors for one to two years will lose about what percentage of its nutrient content?
A
15-20%
13
Q
What is the device used to collect samples for analysis in baled hay?
A
Bale probe or bale core
14
Q
What is the oldest and most common method of selecting hay?
A
Visual appraisal
15
Q
The requirements of sodium chloride depends on the amount lost in what?
A
Sweat
16
Q
What is the most common form of malnutrition in horses in the US?
A
Obesity
17
Q
In extremely cold weather, which will produce more body heat when eaten, hay or grain?
A
Hay produces more heat
18
Q
Which grass hay is a favorite among horseman?
A
Timothy
19
Q
How much more energy is in fat than in carbohydrates?
A
2.25 times as much
20
Q
Typically horses receive nutrients from what 3 general sources?
A
Hay, pastures, and grains
21
Q
What are the 2 most important dietary energy components in feeds?
A
Fats and carbohydrates
22
Q
What is the recommended feeding frequency?
A
2 or more meals daily
23
Q
What are the 2 general classes of forages?
A
Grasses and legumes
24
Q
Name 2 ways corn can be processed for horse feed.
A
Whole, ear corn, or cracked
25
What is the deficient amino acid in hays and grains?
Lysine
26
Which grain contains slightly more proteins and minerals, corn or oats?
Oats
27
Approximately 80 percent of the body's phosphorus is contained where in the horse?
Skeleton
28
Name 3 types of salt blocks available for horses.
Plain salt, iodized salt, trace-mineralized salt.
29
Which type of hay should not be fed to horses with kidney problems?
Alfalfa
30
Dietary proteins are broken down into what substances?
Amino acids
31
What percentage of milk is water?
90%
32
Feral and other free-ranging horses will spend how long grazing per day in good forage?
10-12 hours
33
In addition to drinking water, the horse can obtain water from what other 2 sources?
In feed and metabolism
34
Name the type of forage that provides the horse with an excellent source of calcium.
Alfalfa hay
35
What causes head pressing in horses?
High levels of ammonia in the blood which can cause brain damage.
36
What are proteins composed of?
A chain of small units called amino acids, which contain nitrogen
37
What is the effect of eating wild cherry on horses?
Cyanide poisoning
38
Heavy work may increase the water intake by how much?
Up to 120%
39
A 1000 pound idle, mature horse that consumes 16 pounds of hay per day would need approximately how much water?
4-8 gallons
40
During what stage of gestation does the fetus increase most rapidly in size and in nutritional needs?
Last 1/3 of gestation
41
What part of alfalfa provides the most nutrition?
Its leaves
42
What is the average weight of a small bale of hay?
40-80 pounds
43
What are the 2 primary causes of iron loss?
Heavy parasite load or wounds
44
Molasses is quite low in protein and phosphorus but is a good source of what nutrient?
Energy
45
What type of horse is of the least concern to the nutritionist?
Non-pregnant, non-lactating mature idle horse
46
Name 3 vegetables that can be used as horse treats.
Carrots, potatoes, turnips, dried beet pulp
47
What is the most commonly used calcium and phosphorus supplement?
Dicalcium phosphate
48
How should trace mineralized salt be fed to horses?
Free choice
49
Which grain is the most commonly fed in Western US and Canada?
Barley
50
Name 2 ways milo can be processed as a feed.
Ground, crimped, or rolled
51
How should sodium chloride be provided to the horse?
Free choice
52
Which general type of hay would require more protein in the grain mixture?
Grasses
53
What are the 2 common types of soybean meal?
44% and 48-50% protein (44% has hulls, 50% does not have hulls)
54
Of the commonly used vegetable proteins, which contains the highest lysine content?
Soybean meal
55
Give 2 examples of how you would discourage fast eating horses.
Spread grain in thin layer, put large smooth stones in bottom of feeder, feed several times a day
56
How is the quality of dietary protein determined?
By the amino acid content
57
Sun-cured roughages are a good source of which vitamin?
Vitamin D
58
Name 3 problems that result from an energy deficiency in older horses.
Loss of weight, poor performance, poor condition, and poor reproductive performance
59
What is the most commonly fed legume hay?
Alfalfa
60
In nutrition, what does NE stand for?
Net Energy
61
What is there about a horse that makes it a non ruminating herbivore?
They eat fibrous feed and do not have a common rumen
62
When does the energy requirements of a pregnant mare increase the fastest?
During the last third of gestation
63
What happens if the horse 'goes off feed'?
He stops eating
64
Molasses is a good source of energy but low in what 2 nutrients?
Protein and phosphorus
65
What is the structural component in forages that is not digestible by horses?
Lignin
66
In feeding management, what is the wicking effect?
Uptake of ground moisture into a bale of hay
67
Name a way feed might be processed to aid in digestion for older horses or horses with poor teeth.
Ground, crimped, or pelleted
68
Name 2 grains that must be processed before feeding.
Rye, milo, barley, and wheat
69
What insect contains cantharidin?
Blister beetle
70
Which forage is often infected with a fungus which can cause abortions, prolonged gestation, thickened placenta, still births, and lack of milk production in mares?
Fescue
71
Name 3 vitamins that can be toxic if given in large amounts
Vitamins A, D, and K
72
What is often considered to be the most common form of malnutrition in horses in the US?
Obesity
73
What is another term for tocopherol?
Vitamin E
74
A lack of which vitamin causes night blindness?
Vitamin A
75
Name a product that is added to a horse feed to improve palatability, provide a good source of energy, and to reduce dust.
Molasses
76
Name 2 conditions which would cause a horse to be most prone to eating poisonous plants.
Little or no pasture, competition for food, time of year, hunger
77
What is the primary site for digestion and absorption of fats?
Small intestines
78
What percent of fat in the diet can a horse tolerate and use for energy?
10-15%
79
What is the form of stored fuel for exercise of high intensity and short duration?
Glycogen
80
How many mineral elements are required in diets of horses?
21
81
What is the maximum amount of concentrates that should be fed at any one feeding?
No more than .75% of a horse's body weight
82
The actual cause of heaves is unknown, but the condition is most often associated with the ingestion of what?
Damaged, dusty, or moldy hay
83
Chronic lacrimation (tearing) in a foal is from a deficiency of what vitamins?
Vitamin A
84
Why might there be low levels of carotene in hay that is stored for prolonged periods of time?
Carotene is easily oxidized
85
How can the likelihood of blister beetle poisoning be reduced when feeding alfalfa hay from the southwest?
Feed early season first cutting alfalfa
86
What are 5 forms of harvested forages?
Square bales, round bales, hay cubes, chopped hay, pelleted hay, and silage
87
What important nutrient must be consumed within the first 36 hours after birth?
Colostrum
88
What is the most commonly fed legume hay?
Alfalfa hay
89
What percent of protein should be in a suckling foal's creep feed?
16-18%
90
Name 2 groups of horses that have the greatest need for calcium.
Young foals, lactating mares
91
What is the most commonly used protein supplement and what age of horses would benefit from this the most?
Soybean meal, young growing horses
92
Name the 2 basic classifications of forages.
Legumes and grasses
93
What nutrients are harder for an older horse to digest?
Proteins, phosphorus, fiber
94
What is the nutrient that will be missed first in the diet?
Water
95
One milligram of carotene is equivalent to how much vitamin A?
400 internal units
96
What is the first step in balancing a ration?
Determine the nutritional needs of the horse
97
Name 2 factors that can influence the vitamin A content in hay.
Prolonged storage and severely weathered hay
98
The calcium to phosphorus ratio in the diet should always be at least what?
1:1
99
How long does it take most of the food particles found in the feces to pass through the digestive tract?
65 to 75 hours
100
What is the effect of prolonged overfeeding?
Obesity
101
Where is vitamin D formed?
IN the skin
102
Lysine is a type of what nutrient?
Protein (amino acid)
103
If you put extruded and pelleted feed each in a separate container of equal volume, which would weigh more?
Pelleted feeds may weigh twice as much as extruded feeds
104
There are considerable differences in density among horse feeds. Therefore, feeding measurements should not be by volume but by what method?
Feed by weight
105
If the precentage of protein in the form of lysine is higher in animal products such as dried skim milk and fish meal, why is soybean meal more commonly used?
Soybean meal is considerably less expensive
106
What factor is determined by the amount of seed heads of grass and the flowers of legumes present at the time of harvest?
Stage of maturity
107
What class of nutrients do thiamine, riboflavin, and folic acid belong to?
Vitamins
108
Typical grasses should not be harvested later than what stage of maturity?
Boot stage
109
What vitamin deficiency can cause excessive tearing of the eyes?
Vitamin A
110
What are the 6 basic nutrients?
Water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins
111
Anemia is the primary sign of what type of deficiency?
Iron
112
What part of a horse's diet is the primary source of energy?
Carbohydrates
113
What are the 2 classifications of amino acids?
Essential and non-essential
114
In rating the horse's body condition, what is the scoring range?
1 (poor) to 9 (extremely fat)
115
How much concentrate can be fed at one time?
Never more than .75% of the horse's body weight
116
What are oat groats?
Oats with the hulls removed
117
What is a by-product of sucrose refined from sugar cane, sugar beets, or from the manufacture of dried citrus pulp?
Molasses
118
Do most grains have more calcium or more phosphorus?
6-8 times more phosphorus
119
Which legume hay is often more moldy and dustier than grass hays?
Alfalfa
120
When buying or selling while using a hay analysis report, what factor should be a prime consideration?
RFV (relative feeding value)
121
What are the 3 major volatile fatty acids?
Acetate, propionate, butyrate
122
Approximately 80 percent of the body's phosphorus is contained where in the horse?
In the skeleton
123
What term describes the total amount of protein that is actually usable by the horse's system?
Digestible protein
124
Which grains are aided in digestion by rolling or breaking?
Small grain such as wheat and milo
125
Big head disease in a horse is caused by an imbalance of what 2 minerals?
Excessive phosphorus and low levels of calcium
126
What percent of fiber is absorbed in the small intestines?
15-25%
127
What element from the large intestine may help bacteria synthesize amino acids?
Nitrogen
128
Iron is an essential component of what oxygen-carrying compound in the body?
Hemoglobin in the blood
129
Six month old foals should be fed what percentage of protein?
At least 14%
130
An adult horse's maintenance diet should always contain at least what ratio of calcium and phosphorus?
1:1 or 2:1
131
A deficiency of which nutrient in young horses can cause poor growth, high feed-to-grain ratio, and general unthriftiness?
Protein
132
The habit of eating their grain without adequate chewing is called what?
Bolting their feed
133
What type of feed is high in phosphorus?
Wheat bran
134
The horse's body converts carotene into what?
Vitamin A
135
What does VFA stand for?
Volatile fatty acids
136
What 2 problems can result from a horse bolting its feed?
Digestive upsets and decreased nutrient efficiency of feed
137
What amino acid is often not present in adequate amounts in vegetable proteins and can affect the growth of an animal?
Lysine
138
What are the 6 main nutrients that a horse must have?
Protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, water
139
What vitamin is necessary for the synthesis of calcium-binding protein and calcium absorption?
Vitamin D
140
Processing does not improve the digestibility of which types of grains?
Large grains such as corn or oats
141
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
142
What is another name for sodium chloride?
Salt
143
An iodine deficient diet may cause what?
Goiters
144
Feeding high levels of which mineral can interfere with the absorption of calcium?
Phosphorus
145
What plant contains an anti-thiamine compound and may induce a thiamine deficiency in horses?
Bracken Fern
146
Define an essential amino acid
One that must be supplied in the diet
147
What aspect of the horse makes it particularly susceptible to molds, toxins, bacteria, and poisons in the feed supply?
Having only one stomach
148
Which nutrient is commonly involved as co-factors for the enzymes that convert fat and carbohydrates into energy?
Vitamins
149
What 2 conditions can occur when hot horses are given large quantities of cold water?
Colic or founder (laminitis)
150
Thiamin, riboflavin, biotin, and pantothenic acid are all types of what?
B Vitamins
151
Which nutrient is an important structural component for muscle tissue, growth, and tissue maintenance?
Protein
152
Hay stored for prolonged periods may have low levels of which vitamin?
Vitamin A
153
Which nutrient plays an important role in physiology of performance horses and is essential for fluid balance, nerve functions, muscle functions, and acid-base balance?
Minerals
154
When legumes and grass hays are harvested at the same stage of maturity, which hay will contain more digestible energy, calcium, protein, and vitamin A?
Legume hays
155
What is quidding?
Dropping partially chewed feed from the mouth
156
Plants do not contain vitamin A, they contain a substance that the body tissue can convert into vitamin A. What is this substance?
Carotene
157
What is the primary site of protein digestion?
Small intestine
158
Protein toxicity in horses does not occur because excess nitrogen is processed in what way?
Excreted in the urine
159
Which commonly used vegetable protein supplement has the highest lysine content?
Soybean meal
160
Chronic selenium toxicity can result in sloughing of hooves, loss of manes and tails and eventually death. What is the name of this condition?
Alkali disease
161
Dietary proteins are broken down into amino acids by what 2 methods?
Acid hydrolysis and protein splitting enzymes
162
Why can moldy sweet clover induce a vitamin K deficiency?
Because of an anti-vitamin K factor in the mold
163
Name the type of forage that can be added to grass pastures to make them more nutritious and to extend the grazing season.
Legume (clover, alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil)
164
What is the sum of all protein, fiber, nitrogen free extract, and fat in a feed ration?
TDN (Total digestible nutrients)
165
What is the most commonly used protein supplement and what age of horses would benefit from this most?
Soybean meal and young growing horses benefit most
166
What does DE stand for?
Digestible energy
167
Why can moldy sweet clover induce a vitamin K deficiency?
Because of an anti-vitamin K factor in the mold
168
What is the term for overeating disease?
Enterotoxemia
169
Name the vitamin that influences the amount of calcium absorbed from the small intestines.
Vitamin D
170
What portion of the diet is the primary source of energy?
Carbohydrates
171
Name 2 disadvantages of feeding straight oats for grain.
Cost per unit of energy and variations in quality
172
Describe the 2 main functions of the horse's mouth in the digestive process.
Masticate (chew) food and wetting food with saliva
173
What method of processing feeds forces ground feeds through a die under pressure, steam, and heat, and produces a feed that has the consistency of dry dog food?
Extruded
174
How many different minerals are required in the diet of horses and what are the 2 classifications of them?
21 different minerals classified as micro and macro minerals
175
How much more digestible energy is contained in grains than in hays?
Grains have 50-60% more
176
Grain processing may be roughly divided into 2 categories, name them.
Dry processing and wet processing
177
What are the organic compounds required in small amounts for the normal functioning of the body that are classified as fat soluble and water soluble?
Vitamins
178
Name 2 ways that barley and milo should be processed before using them in a horse feed.
Crimped or rolled (milo can also be ground)
179
What is the primary objective of most grain processing methods?
To improve the availability of starch
180
Pelleting hay can reduce the storage space requirements by how much?
Up to 75%
181
What are simple inorganic compounds that dissolve in water and are essential for many of the chemical processes?
Electrolytes
182
What are the 21 different elements found in organic ash of feeds after burning off the organic matter?
Minerals
183
Which feed by-product is made by drying the residual beet chips after the sugar has been extracted?
Beet pulp
184
What is frequently observed in foals raised in selenium deficient areas?
Muscle degeneration (white muscle disease)
185
What degenerates due to a selenium deficiency?
Muscles
186
What is a component of thyroxine and can cause goiter in foals if excessive or deficient amounts are fed?
Iodine
187
What may result in the foal if a mare is fed excessive levels of iodine?
Weak foals with goiters (enlarged thyroid), still born foals, hairless foals
188
What mineral deficiency can cause anemia?
Iron
189
When does a pregnant mare have the greatest nutritional requirements?
During the third trimester of her gestation period
190
What is the term for the unit of measure that describes the amount of energy needed by a horse and is equal to 1000 calories?
Megacalories
191
Name 4 functions of calcium in the body.
Bone formation, muscle activity, blood clotting, enzyme activation
192
Name the vitamin that is needed for blood coagulation.
Vitamin K
193
Bacteria in the small intestine naturally produce what vitamin?
Vitamin K
194
Hay can be stored for how long without losing more than 20% of its nutrients?
1-2 years
195
Name 2 things that energy toxicity can cause.
Obesity, decreased performance, decreased reproductive efficiency, horse more difficult to handle
196
Brewer's yeast is an excellent source of what?
B Vitamins
197
Other than bone formation, what other 2 functions is calcium necessary for?
Normal muscular activity, blood clotting, enzyme activation
198
Name 4 trace minerals.
Iodine, iron, zinc, selenium, sodium chloride, copper, manganese, flourine, lead
199
The formula of heart girth times body length is used to determine what?
Horse's weight
200
What is the term used to refer to the energy actually used by the animal?
Net energy
201
What term in a hay analysis is a measure of the cellulose, lignin, and other poorly digestible components and is used to determine the digestibility and nutritional value of hay?
ADF (Acid detergent fiber)
202
Why must milo be processed before using it in a feed for horses?
Grain is so small and hard that the horse cannot chew and efficiently digest the whole kernel
203
Why is the 48% soybean meal richer in protein content than other soybean meal?
Hulls of soybean are removed during processing and the hulls are relatively low in protein
204
What are the 2 most commonly used methods of evaluating the energy content in a feed?
TDN (total digestible nutrients) and DE (digestible energy)
205
What are 3 signs of a sodium chloride deficiency?
Depraved appetite, rough hair coat, reduced growth, development of licking habit, signs of dehydration, weight loss, reduced performance
206
Describe 4 methods of putting up harvested forages.
Square bales, big round bales, rectangular bales, silage, chopped hay (pelleted hay and hay cubes are prepared after harvest-not acceptable answers)
207
During high intensity exercise, what is an important energy source because it can be used anaerobically to produce energy rapidly?
Glycogen
208
Name 4 factors that influence the nutritional requirements of a horse
Size of horse, age, type of use, environment (cold weather increases energy needs), individual horse's metabolic rates
209
What do the initials TDN and DE stand for?
Total digestible nutrients, digestible energy
210
When horses are fed a hay/grain ration, how many hours does it take before 95% of the ingested food particles appears in the feces?
65-75 hours
211
Give 2 reasons why horses should be fed 2 or more meals daily.
Small stomach capacity, rapid movement of food through stomach
212
What is the recommended amount of grain needed for a high producing lactating mare?
1 to 1.5 pounds of grain per 100 pounds of her body weight
213
Name 3 minerals that make up the electrolyte balance of the horse.
Sodium, potassium, chloride
214
What are the digestible organic nutrients?
Proteins, fiber, nitrogen free extract, fat
215
What common forage poses problems if fed to pregnant mares?
Tall fescue infested with endophyte fungus Acremonium Coenophialum
216
What B vitamin improves poor quality hooves and any keratin structures of the hoof?
Biotin
217
Give 3 main functions of calcium.
Bone formation, blood clotting, muscle activity, enzyme activation
218
What makes essential amino acids different than nonessential amino acids?
Essential amino acids must be supplied by the diet and nonessential amino acids are synthesized by the body
219
What is an advantage of feeding extruded feeds over pelleted feeds?
There is more air trapped inside the extruded feed causing more bulk which in turn slows down the rate of intake by the horse. It lowers the chance of digestive disorders
220
What 4 electrolytes are lost in sweat and urine during physical exertion?
Sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium
221
Name 4 major legumes.
Alfalfa, red clover, white clover, birdsfoot trefoil, lespedeza
222
Propionic and acetic acids are used for what purpose?
Helping to cure hay with high moisture levels (up to 35% moisture)
223
Name a plant that can induce a thiamin deficiency in horses if ingested
Bracken fern or mare's tail
224
Name 4 factors that influence the water needs of the horse.
Environmental temperature, activity (type and amount of work), function (lactation), food intake, and type of food
225
What should be the primary consideration in selecting horse hay because it reflects higher quality, greater intake, higher digestibility, and fewer concentrates will be needed to supplement the diet?
RFV (relative feeding value)
226
What term in a hay analysis report is a measure of cell wall content (which increases as a plant matures) and is an indirect measure of how readily a forage will be consumed?
NDF (neutral detergent fiber)
227
Lactating mares may increase their water intake by how much?
50-70%
228
What vitamin, fed along with selenium, helps prevent white muscle disease?
Vitamin E
229
Name 3 nutrients that are higher in legumes than in grass hays.
Digestible energy, calcium, protein, and vitamin A
230
What is the most commonly fed type of bran in North America?
Wheat bran
231
What is the method of estimating the composition of hay that is accurate, has the the shortest turn-around time, and is the most practical?
NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy)
232
Methods of estimating or analytically determining the nutrient content of forages include what 3 methods?
Visual appraisal, chemical analysis, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)
233
Name the vitamins found in the fat soluble group.
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
234
What should not be fed to horses because it contains fusarium toxins that can cause brain damage or aflatoxins that cause liver damage?
Moldy corn
235
Horses obtain what nutrient from the action of ultraviolet light on compounds in the skin?
Vitamin D
236
Enterotoxemia, sometimes called colitis, is caused by toxins produced by what type of bacteria?
Clostridium perfingens
237
Big head disease in a horse is caused by what imbalance?
Excessive phosphorus and low levels of calcium
238
The ultraviolet rays of sunlight convert the dehydrocholesterol produced by the animal's body into what?
Vitamin D
239
Name 3 nutrients considered to be a part of the electrolytes lost during extreme prolonged work such as an endurance ride.
Potassium, sodium, chloride
240
How is the gross energy determined?
By igniting the feed in a bomb calorimeter and recording the amount of heat that is produced
241
What term is given to the period when 1/1- to 2/3 of plants are in bloom
Mid-bloom
242
What causes some animals to have white fat and others to have yellow fat?
Animals that store appreciate amounts of carotene will have yellow fat
243
What type of hay can cause an extensive amount of saliva excretion or slobbering disease?
Moldy red clover
244
What percentage of the total body's calcium content is contained in the skeleton?
99%
245
What bone disease may occur in horses fed low levels of calcium and high levels of phosphorus?
Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (big head disease, Miller's disease)
246
Irradiated yeast and cod liver oil are supplements that provide high levels of what?
Vitamin D
247
When a horse's diet is lacking in long stemmed roughage, what vice is likely to develop?
Cribbing
248
What is a teratogenic plant?
Plant that can cause physical defects to its offspring
249
Which horse would require more water under similar conditions: a hard working horse or a lactating mare?
Hard working horse (12-15 gallons), lactating mare (9-11 gallons at peak lactation)
250
High quality silage can be fed to horses, but it should not replace more than what portion of the usually fed hay?
No more than 1/3 to 1/2 of the hay
251
Classify the acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and relative feeding value as low or high in good quality hay.
ADF and NDF should be low and RVF should be high
252
What is allotriophagy?
Eating of unnatural material
253
Horse rations are usually calculated on the basic fact that horses will eat what percentage of their body weight every day in dry matter?
2.5%
254
Name a calcium and phosphorus supplement that can be added to grain mixtures.
Dicalcium phosphate, defluorinated rock phosphorus and bone meal mixture, steamed bone meal, calcium carbonate (limestone), tricalcium phosphate, monocalcium phosphate, diammonium phosphate
255
What is the usual cause of geophagia?
Mineral deficiency
256
Name 2 vitamins not considered to be essential in the horse's diet.
Vitamin C and K
257
A deficiency of what 3 nutrients can cause rickets?
Calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D
258
Name 4 factors which affect digestion in the horse.
Processing of feed, level of intake, frequency of feedings, work, individuality
259
Which vitamin is often used in the treatment of epistaxis?
Vitamin C
260
How is the gross energy determined?
By igniting the feed in a bomb valorimeter and recording the amount of heat produced
261
What is a sweet feed?
Grain mix that contains molasses
262
What is a general term for a feed that contains grain, hay, and all needed supplements?
Complete feed or total diet
263
What is another term for ascorbic acid?
Vitamin c
264
The addition of which amino acid to the diet can increase growth rate?
Lysine
265
What is chyme?
Semi-digested food in the stomach
266
If a feed ration has protein of poor quality, what makes it a poor quality?
Protein in the ration has insufficient quantities of essential amino acids
267
Name 2 things that can cause a goiter.
Deficiency or excess of iodine
268
What is the most accurate method to assess the nutrient make-up of forages?
Chemcial analysis
269
Name an antioxidant substance.
Vitamin E or selenium
270
Name 3 of the most common oil meal protein supplements used for horses.
Soybean oil meal, linseed oil meal, cottonseed oil meal, sunflower oil meal
271
Name 2 nutrients that could cause insufficient hemoglobin in the horse's blood.
Iron, vitamin E, copper
272
Name the 5 main nutrients needed by the horse.
Water, energy (carbohydrates and fats), protein, vitamins, minerals
273
Name 2 characteristics of moldy hay
Musty smell, whitish in color, dusty
274
Name 8 types of grass hays
Barley, bermuda grass, bluegrass, blustern, fescue, oat, orchard grass, prairie grass, reed canary, rye grass, sudan grass, timothy
275
Name 3 cool season grass hays and 3 warm season grass hays.
Warm-- bahiagrass, bermudagrass, pangolograss, johnson grass
| Cool -- timothy, smooth brome grass, canary grass, orchard grass, tall fescue, redtop
276
Name 5 ways forage can be processed.
Baled, dehydrated, pelleted, silage, cubed, haylage
277
Name 7 methods of processing grains.
Grinding, rolling, flaking, crimping, roasting, pelleting, soaking, steam rolling, extruded
278
Name 8 items listed on a hay analysis report.
Crude protein, dry matter, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, relative feeding value
279
Name the 10 essential amino acids.
Phenylalanine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, valine, histidine, theonine, arginine
280
Name 3 minerals found in trace mineral salt.
Sodium chloride, iodine, copper, manganese, cobalt, zinc, and iron
281
Name 6 plants poisonous to the horse
Locoweed
282
Name 4 important functions of water in the horse's body
Produces saliva, necessary to life and shape of cells, regulates body temperature, acts as chemical reactor in digestion and metabolism, lubricates joints, carries nutrients to and waste away from cells
283
What are 4 signs of nutrient deficiencies in horses?
Chewing wood; eating dirt, sand, and gravel; tail biting; eating bark of trees
284
What are the 8 factors that should be reported by hay analysis testing?
Crude protein, dry matter, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, ADF (acid detergent fiber), NDF (neutral detergent fiber), RFV (relative feeding value)
