Shock and Bleeding

Question 1

What is shock?

Answer 1

body cells do not receive enough oxygenated blood= hypoperfusion
A state of failure and collapse of the cardiovascular system in which blood circulation decreases and eventually ceases.

Question 2

What components determine the damage of shock?

Answer 2

on which tissue or organ is deprived of oxygen+ how long

Question 3

What is the perfusion triangle?

Answer 3

Heart (pump function); blood vessels (container function) and blood (content function)

Question 4

What are the Cv causes of shock?

Answer 4

pump failure, low fluid volume and poor vessel function

Question 5

Pump failure

Answer 5

the pumping of the heart does not function properly due to damage to the myocardium,
→pulmonary edema (buildup of blood into the lungs).

Question 6

Low fluid volume:

Answer 6

lack of adequate blood volume delivered to the body tissues; may be due to internal/external bleeding, thermal burns, or severe dehydration.
Hypovolemic (low-volume) shock: severe thermal burns- plasma leaks into burned portion
Dehydration attributes to shock

Question 7

Poor vessel function:

Answer 7

Neurogenic shock- damage to the nervous system organs can cause cut off of electrical impulses to the blood vessels which tell them to contract. The blood vessels becomed too dilated as a result and the body is unable to fill the enlarged blood vessels.

Question 8

Combined vessel & content failure:

Answer 8

toxins in the body cause damage to the blood vessels, causing leakage and failure to contract. Injured vessel walls also cause the loss of plasma, and this combination causes septic shock.

Question 9

What are 3 causes of shock non-cardiovascular?

Answer 9

respiratory insufficency, psychogenic shock, and anaphylaxis

Question 10

Respiratory insufficiency:

Answer 10

obstruction of the airways which makes it difficult to breathe and cuts off oxygen supply to the blood.Deoxygenated blood circulation does not help the victim.

Question 11

Psychogenic shock:

Answer 11

a reaction of the nervous system which causes the blood vessels to dilate and blood to pool, which reduces blood supply to the vital organs (the brain, the lungs, etc.)– hearing bad news

Question 12

Anaphylaxis

Answer 12

a reaction of the immune system to a severe allergy that causes dilation which causes poor oxygenation and poor delivery of blood to the tissues.

Question 13

General Signs & Symptoms of Shock:

Answer 13

Cool/clammy/pale/ashy/flushed/itchy skin
Bluish lips and mouth
Hives
Swelling of the face
Rapid pulse & rapid breathing
Nausea or vomiting
Dull eyes

Weakness or fatigue
Dizziness or fainting
Anxiety
Agitation
Difficulty breathing
Chest tightness
Unresponsiveness

Question 14

When would you expect a victim to go into shock?

Answer 14

severe bleeding, severe fractures, abdominal or chest injuries, severe infections, signs of a heart attack, anaphylaxis, severe burns, or signs of a damaged spinal cord.

Question 15

What are the 3 stages of shock?

Answer 15

Compensated shock
Decompensated shock
Irreversible shock

Question 16

Compensated shock

Answer 16

the earliest stage of shock at which the body can still compensate for blood loss

Question 17

Decompensated shock

Answer 17

blood pressure begins to fall and the function of oxygenation and perfusion begins to worsen

Question 18

Irreversible shock

Answer 18

the final stage of shock which causes irreversible damage to the body and may result in death fi not treated immediately

Question 19

Treating shock

Answer 19

Call 911, lay the person flat on their back, elevate their legs and do not give food or drink. Check for and control any severe bleeding. If no breathing or pulse is detected, begin CPR immediately. If the victim is breathing but unresponsive, roll them onto their side to prevent airway obstruction and use blankets to minimize heat loss.

Question 20

Anaphylactic Shock

Answer 20

Anaphylaxis is the body’s reaction to severe allergic triggers–it happens quickly and it can be life-threatening. An epinephrine auto-injector (AKA an EpiPen) can be used to stop anaphylaxis. To treat anaphylactic shock, look for signs of a severe allergic reaction and call 911 if identified. If the reaction is mild, help the victim administer asthma rescue inhalers and/or provide antihistamine. If the reaction is severe, help the victim administer their epinephrine auto-injector and wait for EMS to arrive.

Question 21

How much blood does the average person have? And when will they go into shock?

Answer 21

5-6 quarts of blood flowing through their body. An adult will go into shock at the loss of 1 quart, and a child will go into shock at the loss of ½ quart.

Question 22

How do I determine the severity of bleeding?

Answer 22

Is it internal or external?
Is the blood arterial, venous, or capillary?
Where is the wound?
What color is the blood?
The physical condition
How fast?
Age and weight?

Question 23

Hemophilia

Answer 23

a condition in which the blood doesn’t clot properly when bleeding.

Question 24

Symptoms of hemophilia

Answer 24

spontaneous and excessive bleeding, large and deep bruises, tingly bubbly pain, and reduced range of motion.

Question 25

3 types of blood wounds

Answer 25

Arterial: bright red-squirting
Capillary- oozing medium red
venous- dark red- flowing

Question 26

Which type of bleeding is the most difficult to control?

Answer 26

Arterial because there is a large amount of blood lost in a short amount of time. Does not clot well due to high blood flow

Question 27

The body responds naturally to bleeding in two ways:

Answer 27

Blood vessel spasms and clotting

Question 28

Blood Vessel Spasms

Answer 28

Severed blood vessels draw back into tissue and constrict to slow bleeding

Question 29

Clotting

Answer 29

platelets in the blood form a clot which serves as a protective covering for the wound (scabs). Clotting takes longer for people if they’ve lost lots of blood or are on anticoagulants/aspirin.

Question 30

How should dressing be?

Answer 30

thick, soft, compressible and lint free, Should be sterile

Question 31

What is the purpose of a bandage?

Answer 31

pressure

Question 32

What determines the seriousness of a nosebleed?

Answer 32

Duration (serious if over 20 mins)
Heaviness & amount of blood lost

If it has developed after a serious injury
If other symptoms arise (difficulty breathing, nausea, etc.)

Question 33

How do you treat a nosebleed?

Answer 33

Lean forward, pinch nose and cold compress

Question 34

Internal bleeding signs

Answer 34

Broken ribs, chest bruises, rigid abdomen, Bright red blood from mouth or rectum, urinal blood or non-menstrual vaginal bleeding, pain, tenderness, bruising, swelling, traumatic injuries (hard fall, car accident, sports injury, etc.)

Question 35

Internal bleeding treatment

Answer 35

Monitor breathing, lay the victim on their side if they vomit, treat for shock, cover with a blanket for warmth, treat the suspected bleeding, at an extremity with a splint, and call 911 immediately.

Question 36

Precautions to take when controlling bleeding:

Answer 36

Wear medical exam gloves
If unavailable use plastic bags
Dispose of items contaminated with blood
Perform hand hygiene

Question 37

When does severe blood loss occur?

Answer 37

Amputations
Gunshot wounds
Animal bites
Car accidents

Question 38

Treating for bruises

Answer 38

Apply ice for 20 mins
Apply elastic compression bandage
Apply layers of gauze pads between bandage and injury

Question 39

When is bleeding life-threatening?

Answer 39

Blood spurting out of a wound
Blood-soaked clothing
Blood pooling on the ground
Amputated limbs

Question 40

How do you control bleeding?

Answer 40

Put on PPE
Determine the cause and location of the wound to expose it (wipe off excess blood if necessary)
Place a sterile gauze pad or clean cloth over the entire wound
Apply direct pressure to the wound and keep it elevated
Open the airways and continue to monitor for shock
Repeat dressing if the gauze becomes too bloody
Once bleeding has stopped, wrap a bandage over the dressing to maintain direct pressure on the wound.

Question 41

What are the elements of dressing?

Answer 41

directly touches and covers an open wound
holds dressing in place (helps with pressure, swelling, and stability)

Question 42

What is a tourniquet?

Answer 42

a device that is wrapped tightly, with a width of at least 3 inches, around an extremity to stop blood flow when direct pressure is unsuccessful should be two inches above the wound

Question 43

When should a tourniquet be used?

Answer 43

if there is massive bleeding at the limbs

Question 44

What do you do if there is no tourniquet available?

Answer 44

tuff gauze into the wound and continue application of direct pressure

Question 45

Who removes the tourniquet?

Answer 45

the physician