Test 2 Week 8 PSYC122

Question 1

Acoustic speech sounds that express meaning, Around 200 different types of human made sounds are used in language- not any single language has all 200, Single unit of sound that changes meaning

Answer 1

Phonemes (sounds)

Question 2

How many phonemes in English?

Answer 2

45

Question 3

How many phonemes in Tongan?

Answer 3

17

Question 4

acoustically different but not functionally different

Answer 4

Allophonic

Question 5

signals difference in meaning

Answer 5

Phonemic

Question 6

Unbound/free morphemes

Answer 6

Words, Content + (grammatical) function- stands alone, has a meaning

Question 7

Bound morphemes

Answer 7

Affixes, suffixes, (grammatical) function- only meaningful when related to words

Question 8

The smallest language units that carry meaning

Answer 8

morphemes

Question 9

carry content, carry semantic information in content, open set of words, can create new ones, Bricks in language/syntax

Answer 9

Content morphemes/words

Question 10

linked to the grammar of language, close set of words, don’t change, structure/grammar of language is set, not as important for semantic aspect of knowledge but necessary for grammar, combines two content words together, The mortar that holds the bricks together

Answer 10

Function morphemes/words

Question 11

relies on processing content words

Answer 11

Semantic processing

Question 12

relies on processing function words

Answer 12

Syntactic processing

Question 13

Inability to process syntax, understand but struggle to communicate, struggle to form sentences but can use content words, semantic system, retrieve content words but not function words

Answer 13

Broca’s Aphasia

Question 14

• Right-handed People: left hemisphere, mostly lower edge of frontal lobe and upper edge of temporal lobe
  Broca’s Area: located near areas that control speech muscles
  Wernicke’s Area: left temporal lobe →next to primary auditory cortex →translates sounds into meaning

Answer 14

Language-Relevant Brain Areas

Question 15

Refers to the structure of language→ phrases and sentences

Answer 15

Syntax

Question 16

What is syntax cued by

Answer 16

Morphology, Word order, Word class

Question 17

Speech is effortless but meaning is impaired, very few content words, devoid of any meaning, neologism (made up words), difficulty in understanding language

Answer 17

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Question 18

Statement that expresses an idea

Answer 18

Proposition

Question 19

Early infant speech perception

Answer 19

Newborns able to perceive many basic phoneme contrasts (hearing the differences between sounds)
Not restricted to the sounds in the language they are growing up in

Question 20

Detection of phonemic change experiment

Answer 20

“ba” versus “ga”, 1- and 4-month-olds
HAS: High Amplitude Sucking- suck harder when interested, get used to current sound, interest spikes up again in new sound

Question 21

Perception of consonant sounds becomes categorical → different categories of sound

Answer 21

 Detection of phonemic change is modified by experience
 9 months: Children fine tune their perception to the language they are growing up in

Question 22

Cooing

Answer 22

2 months

Question 23

Reduplicated Babbling

Answer 23

6‐7 months → same syllable over and over

Question 24

Variegated Babbling

Answer 24

Variegated Babbling → 11‐12 months → syllables with different consonants and vowels
10 Months: baby’s sounds have adapted to language it hears → adults can tell which language baby is learning

Question 25

Infants make a limited set of sounds- Why?

Answer 25

- the shape of the infant vocal tract, - development of motor cortex

Question 26

Comprehension Versus Production

Answer 26

- Word comprehension (receptive vocabulary) precedes productive vocabulary by an average of 4 months - Initial acquisition rate for comprehension is twice that of production

Question 27

The Vocabulary Burst

Answer 27

Major increase in productive vocabulary acquisition rate after first 50 words are learned, Why?  Symbolic nature of language  Control over articulation  Easier retrieval

Question 28

“dog” only for family dog but not other dogs

Answer 28

Underextension

Question 29

* “dog” to refer to dogs and cats * “moon” for orange, lamp, fingernail clipping * “milk” for white blanket, puddle

Answer 29

Overextension Words Acquired % Overextended 1‐25 45% 26‐50 35% 51‐75 20%

Question 30

These aren't conventional adult words; however, they hold symbolic meaning for the child

Answer 30

protowords

Question 31

A single word that stands for an entire statement

Answer 31

Holophrases

Question 32

Later syntactic development

Answer 32

By 4 years syntax beginning to resemble adult language

Question 33

1. Nativist views of language  Children are biologically predisposed to learn language

Answer 33

Language bioprogram hypothesis  Sensitive period: ideal time for acquiring certain parts of language → harder afterwards (maturational constraints)  Sensitive period ends by puberty once lateralization occurs  Evidence for sensitive period - Isolated children - Deaf signers

Question 34

poverty of the stimulus

Answer 34

the argument that the linguistic input received by young children is in itself insufficient to explain their detailed knowledge of their first language

Question 35

Isolated Children: The Case of Genie

Answer 35

- Intensive language training over many years - Different rates of progress seen in acquiring words versus acquiring syntax

Question 36

Deaf Signers (Newport 1990)

Answer 36

- Native: exposed to sign from birth - Early: Exposed to sign at 4-6 years - Late: Exposed to sign at 12 years

Question 37

2. General learning capacities

Answer 37

 Alternative views to nativist accounts  Children use domain general skills  Children have highly developed pattern recognition systems - Allow children to form language categories through picking up on regularities, without resorting to innate language categories - Evidence from word boundary studies - Evidence from forming categories  Counterargument to poverty of the stimulus claim

Question 38

3. Social Learning

Answer 38

Response to innate explanations to language learning – poverty of the stimulus argument  Parentese - Simplified speech - Exaggerated intonation  Social responding to infants’ language attempts  Children’s vocabularies are strongly associated with the amount of language parents use with their children

Question 39

Child-centred talk

Answer 39

Caregivers adapt talk to child’s level

Question 40

Situation-centred talk

Answer 40

Child learns to adapt to situation