PSYC232 Test 2, Week 5

Question 1

What is Kaupapa Māori research?

Answer 1

Kaupapa Māori research is by, for, and with Māori, focusing on qualitative methods, reciprocity, and a participant-first approach. It emphasizes working with the community and protecting the group being researched.

Question 2

What are the benefits of taking a Kaupapa Māori approach?

Answer 2

Benefits include data sovereignty, an emic approach, avoiding institutional challenges, more purposeful and useful research for the community, richer knowledge, a collectivist approach, trust repairing, and building relationships with participants.

Question 3

Was Kaupapa Māori developed as a response to Western research?

Answer 3

No, Māori had their own ways of doing things before contact with Western colonizers.

Question 4

Why is culturally relevant research important when using Western measures with indigenous populations?

Answer 4

Culturally relevant research humanizes indigenous populations, ensures treatments are relevant, and addresses the view that Māori knowledge (mātauranga) is invalid.

Question 5

What is sensitive Kaupapa Māori research?

Answer 5

Sensitive Kaupapa Māori research addresses topics that may cause harm or distress, such as self-injury, suicide, family violence, and intergenerational trauma.

Question 6

What are the principles of sensitive Kaupapa Māori research?

Answer 6

Principles include Whānau, Wāhi Haumaru, Hononga, Whakaaro, and Kaitiaki.
- build on original 8, does not replace them, not stand alone

Question 7

What does the principle of Whānau involve in sensitive Kaupapa Māori research?

Answer 7

Whānau involves knowing who you are and where you come from, being aware of your own whānau, whakapapa, and heritage, and keeping whānau informed.

Question 8

How do you create a Wāhi Haumaru (safe space) for participants?

Answer 8

Creating a safe space involves trusted relationships, no interview schedules, being open and honest, being flexible, and keeping participants safe.

Question 9

What is the principle of Whakaaro in sensitive Kaupapa Māori research?

Answer 9

Whakaaro involves looking at the person as a whole and taking a holistic approach, considering tinana (body), wairua (spirit), hinengaro (mind), whānau (family), and taiao (environment).

Question 10

What is the principle of Kaitiaki in sensitive Kaupapa Māori research?

Answer 10

Kaitiaki involves empathy when discussing difficult topics, responding empathetically, validating experiences, and practicing self-care.

Question 11

What is the principle of Hononga in sensitive Kaupapa Māori research?

Answer 11

Hononga involves connecting and building relationships, maintaining regular contact, providing updates, and continuing working and personal relationships.

Question 12

What is the importance of understanding your own whānau, whakapapa, and heritage in Kaupapa Māori research?

Answer 12

Understanding your own background helps build trust and rapport with participants, ensuring that research is conducted respectfully and ethically.

Question 13

What is the significance of the term “Pacific peoples”?

Answer 13

It is a canopy term that includes a variety of Pacific Island Nation groups, emphasizing connections and similarities among them.

Question 14

What is the median age of Pacific peoples in New Zealand?

Answer 14

25 years.

Question 15

What is Indigenous Psychology?

Answer 15

A subdiscipline that considers wellbeing holistically, encompassing physical, spiritual, mental, and social dimensions, and values ways of knowing outside of Western contexts.

Question 16

What are the guiding principles in indigenous research methodology?

Answer 16

Respecting human dignity, protecting the integrity of participants, respecting knowledge, and adapting methodology to cultural norms.

Question 17

Why has a specific Pacific psychology emerged?

Answer 17

To refute misrepresentations of Pacific cultures, protect ways of being and knowing, and develop psychologies that affirm cultural contexts and ways of life.

Question 18

What is the concept of Vā in Pacific cultures?

Answer 18

Vā refers to the social and physical space that relates people, emphasizing relationality and interconnectedness.

Question 19

What does “Tauhi Va/Tausi Va” mean?

Answer 19

It means to nurture or tend to sociospatial ties, which is a key feature of collectivistic cultures.

Question 20

What is the sense of self in collectivism?

Answer 20

The sense of self is connected to the group and related to others.

Question 21

How does behaviour function in collectivist cultures?

Answer 21

Behaviour is dependent on others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Question 22

What questions are important in understanding one’s role in a collectivist social context?

Answer 22

“How do my behaviours affect others?” and “What is my role in the social context?”

Question 23

What does it mean to be socially embedded in collectivist cultures?

Answer 23

It means group membership is salient, and individuals work towards group harmony and understand their place within the group.

Question 24

What principle does Patricia Greenfield suggest all cultures must deal with?

Answer 24

The relationship between the person and the group.

Question 25

What are the alternatives in dealing with the relationship between the individual and the group?

Answer 25

Prioritising the group or the individual, and maximising or minimising the relation between them.

Question 26

What Pacific values frame the research process according to Sereana Naepi (2019)?

Answer 26

Respect, relationships, and reciprocity.

Question 27

Why is it important to accommodate cultural norms in research processes and methodologies for Pacific peoples in Aotearoa?

Answer 27

Because Pacific peoples have a significant place in society, and their cultural norms must be respected.

Question 28

What does Pacific psychology centre on to inform methodologies and research framing?

Answer 28

Cultural values and the importance of relationality.

Question 29

What are the learning objectives related to kaupapa Māori research?

Answer 29

Understand and describe the challenges and criticisms of kaupapa Māori research. Critically engage with and evaluate the criticisms of kaupapa Māori research. Understand and describe the criticisms of research at the interface.

Question 30

What is the difference between indigenisation and decolonisation?

Answer 30

Indigenisation: Using appropriate theories and practice methods to transform entrenched westernised values, norms, and philosophies, developing something from the ground up. Decolonisation: Active and conscious resistance to colonial forces that continue to oppress Indigenous sovereignty (Russ-Smith, 2019).

Question 31

What are some benefits of kaupapa Māori research?

Answer 31

Data sovereignty Emic approach Avoiding institutional challenges (e.g., time constraints) More purposeful and useful for the community Lowers the risk of causing unintended harm Richer knowledge and better data More collectivist approach, embracing subjectivity Trust repairing Can be used with other methods Builds relationships with participants

Question 32

What are some challenges of doing kaupapa Māori research?

Answer 32

Challenges include lack of resources and time, being culturally safe and competent, building relationships with participants, ethical considerations, lack of researchers, finding participants, lack of recognition of mātauranga Māori as a science, and ensuring research benefits the community.

Question 33

Why is it important to consider the criticisms of our methods?

Answer 33

Considering criticisms helps address challenges, improve methods, strengthen conviction, and lead to better quality research.

Question 34

What are some criticisms of kaupapa Māori research (KM)?

Answer 34

Criticisms include alienation of mana wāhine voices, perpetuating colonisation, being seen as exclusionary, barriers to international publishing, not fitting scientific validity and reliability standards, and being seen as biased.

Question 35

How can we counter the criticism that KM is not an objective way of conducting research?

Answer 35

Counter by highlighting that different research methods cannot be directly compared, KM aligns more with real life, and it can incorporate quantitative aspects.

Question 36

What is research at the interface?

Answer 36

Research at the interface is a midpoint between Western and Indigenous knowledge and methodologies, woven together to produce innovative outcomes for both sciences.

Question 37

What are the four principles of interface research?

Answer 37

The principles are mutual respect, shared benefits, human dignity, and discovery.

Question 38

What are some criticisms of interface research?

Answer 38

Indigenous perspectives see it as tokenistic, while Western perspectives view it as overcomplicating research.

Question 39

How does the way you ask a question affect your data?

Answer 39

The way you ask a question shapes the kind of data you get and how you can analyze it.

Question 40

What do qualitative research questions often examine?

Answer 40

Qualitative research questions often examine people's experiences using participants' words rather than aggregate or standardized tests.

Question 41

What are the characteristics of good qualitative questions?

Answer 41

- Social relevance and originality. - A meaningful purpose (intervention, new knowledge, social critique). - Usually open-ended and exploratory, without predictions.

Question 42

How do you know if you have enough qualitative information?

Answer 42

Infrequently studied populations. Richer sources of information require fewer sources. Practical constraints like time-consuming interviews. Idea of data saturation.

Question 43

What is a key aspect of doing good research in any methodology?

Answer 43

Reflexivity forms a central part of the process of doing good research.

Question 44

Can reflexivity be practiced in a quantitative study?

Answer 44

Yes, by keeping notes on your scale and noting uncertainties during the process, and answering guiding questions modified for a quantitative study.