Psyc232 Test 1

Question 1

Identifying phenomena, such as why some individuals fail to stop at red lights.

Answer 1

Describing

Question 2

Formulating hypotheses, e.g., whether wealth influences ethical behavior.

Answer 2

Predicting

Question 3

Developing theories based on collected data to clarify observed behaviors.

Answer 3

Explaining

Question 4

The ultimate aim of many psychological studies is to influence or change behaviors based on findings

Answer 4

Controlling

Question 5

Starts with a theory, formulates a hypothesis, and then collects data to test it.

Answer 5

Deductive Process

Question 6

Begins with data collection, identifies patterns, and formulates a theory based on those patterns.

Answer 6

Inductive Process

Question 7

an abstract concept that cannot be directly observed, such as ‘intelligence’ or ‘anxiety’.

Answer 7

theoretical construct

Question 8

refers to the tools or methods used to observe these constructs, like surveys or behavioral assessments.

Answer 8

measure

Question 9

how to turn a concept into something we can design and measure, informs study design

Answer 9

Operationalisation

Question 10

Categorical variables without a meaningful order (e.g., gender, race).

Answer 10

Nominal Scale Variables

Question 11

Variables with a meaningful order but no defined intervals (e.g., race finishing positions).

Answer 11

Ordinal Scale Variables

Question 12

Variables with meaningful intervals but no true zero (e.g., temperature in Celsius).

Answer 12

Interval Scale Variables

Question 13

Variables with a true zero, allowing for meaningful multiplication and division (e.g., weight).

Answer 13

Ratio Scale Variables

Question 14

Consistency of a measure over time; repeated tests yield similar results.

Answer 14

Test-Retest Reliability

Question 15

Consistency across different observers; different raters should produce similar results.

Answer 15

Inter-Rater Reliability

Question 16

Consistency across different forms of a test; different versions should yield similar outcomes.

Answer 16

Parallel Forms Reliability

Question 17

Consistency of results across items within a test; items should correlate well with each other.

Answer 17

Internal Consistency Reliability

Question 18

The three core principles of human ethics in psychology

Answer 18

Respect/Autonomy, Beneficence, and Justice

Question 19

in logical reasoning: if you ask people to decide whether a particular argument is logically valid (i.e., the conclusion would be true if the premises were true), we tend to be influenced by the believability of the conclusion, even when we shouldn’t

Answer 19

Belief Bias Effect

Question 20

What do we want to know? How do we know what we know? What do we do with what we know?

Answer 20

Epistemology

Question 21

Systematic way to organise data, results, information to explain a phenomenon

Answer 21

Theory

Question 22

The process of how we test
predictions

Answer 22

Method

Question 23

Does the measurement match up to the theory?- e.g. theory of the poll; these should be the options that people have when they vote

Answer 23

Construct Validity

Question 24

Is this the best design to answer the question?- can we trust what that thing says, e.g. giant meteor hitting the earth doesn’t reflect what they actually want

Answer 24

Internal Validity

Question 25

Does it associate with the things it should in the world?- does it make sense with what we see in the world, e.g. Hillary Clinton did not win the election

Answer 25

External Validity

Question 26

Participants respond in ways they think 1. the researcher wants/hypothesizes 2. that are acceptable or desirable under sociocultural norms

Answer 26

Demand Characteristics and Social Desirability

Question 27

Dealing with Demand/Desirability

Answer 27

- “Double blind” measures, ensure confidentiality or anonymity wherever possible, emphasize there are no right or wrong answers - Check data for external validity with other sources - Use methodologies that counter (or capitalize on) demand/desirability characteristics

Question 28

People tend to agree more commonly and more strongly than they tend to disagree

Answer 28

Acquiescence Bias

Question 29

Dealing with Acquiescence Bias

Answer 29

- Use multiple items to average into one scale - Good reverse-wording avoids “not/never” Extroversion/Introversion “I talk to a lot...”/“I keep in the background” - Bonus: You can also remove the mid-point of the scale to avoid “neutrality bias”, but then be extra extra careful about acquiescence because people tend to agree. Or that they just get annoyed because they can’t answer how they want.

Question 30

used to check consistency of our items that we want to average together into a scale

Answer 30

Cronbach’s Alpha test Above .70 = acceptable; above .80 = good; above .90 = excellent

Question 31

Exposure to a question/answering a question influences answers and interpretation of subsequent questions

Answer 31

Priming “Affective priming” when answering questions about values, morals or attitudes (e.g., “good/bad”, ”love/hate”)

Question 32

Dealing with Priming

Answer 32

- Move impactful questions to the end of the survey or have a “distraction task” in between scales - Randomize or counterbalance question order (this only averages the error across participants)

Question 33

The extent to which your measurement is consistent

Answer 33

Reliability

Question 34

Looks at people’s responses to the items and groups them to make the best summary of the items (the groups are called “components”)

Answer 34

Principal Components Analysis (PCA)

Question 35

where you try different options in the data, method, or analysis, until you get a significant p-value

Answer 35

P-hacking

Question 36

Planning and documenting the (1) hypothesis or research questions, (2) method, and (3) analyses before collecting data

Answer 36

Pre-Registration

Question 37

hypothesising after the results are known- run a study, see the result, and then write the hypothesis, damaging to continuity (pattern identification & generalisation is moved to the wrong place), should have been reported as an exploratory finding

Answer 37

HARKing

Question 38

Each person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen

Answer 38

Probability Sampling/Random Sampling

Question 39

Divide the population into relevant groups, then randomly select people

Answer 39

Stratified Sampling

Question 40

Specifically selected person/people

Answer 40

Purposive Sampling/Targeted Sampling

Question 41

Whoever’s available

Answer 41

Convenience Sampling

Question 42

concerned with reality and truth seeking e.g., what is existence, what is depression

Answer 42

Ontology

Question 43

concerned with the nature of knowledge and the methods of learning e.g., what do you know, how do you know it

Answer 43

Epistemology

Question 44

concerned with the method of data collection, Framework, how are you going to answer question e.g., empiricism, kaupapa Māori, interface research

Answer 44

methodology

Question 45

describes how data was collected specifically, Tools, in what ways will you collect data e.g., surveys, interviews, experiments

Answer 45

methods

Question 46

reality exists independently of the knowledge and experience of it- remove yourself, personal values/beliefs cannot and should not impact your perception of reality “third person perspective”

Answer 46

Objective Ontology

Question 47

reality only exists when we experience it and give meaning to it- put yourself in, non-western approach, kaupapa maori, claims we cannot and should not extract ourselves from research, beliefs and values are important to how we analyse data “first person perspective”

Answer 47

Subjective Ontology

Question 48

specific group, can produce knowledge that generalises but not specific goal, do not need lots of people to take part, more exploratory in nature, don’t necessarily make theories before starting, subjective, fluid method, guidelines rather than strict instructions, time-consuming

Answer 48

Qualitative

Question 49

wider population, fixed method, quick, easier, less expensive

Answer 49

Quantitative