Test 2 Weeks 4 & 5 PSYC122

Question 1

How low can you go?

Answer 1

Absolute Threshold

Question 2

Can you tell the difference?- how big does the difference have to be to notice it

Answer 2

Discrimination Threshold

Question 3

Seen, present

Answer 3

Hit

Question 4

Seen, absent

Answer 4

Miss

Question 5

Absent, I see something

Answer 5

False alarm

Question 6

Absent, I don’t see anything

Answer 6

Correct rejection

Question 7

How well can you distinguish between when the stimulus is present or absent, means you have a high hit rate AND a low false alarm rate.

Answer 7

Sensitivity

Question 8

Presented with the same stimulus intensity, different participants might respond differently not because they have different perceptual sensitivities, but because they are more/less biased in responding to the task- bias to say yes/bias to say no

Answer 8

Response bias

Question 9

Allows us to separate sensitivity from response bias

Answer 9

Signal Detection Theory

Question 10

Discrimination threshold increases proportionally to baseline/reference stimulus increase.

Answer 10

Weber’s law

Question 11

smallest perceivable difference

Answer 11

Just noticeable difference (JND)

Question 12

Weber’s fraction

Answer 12

JND/baseline- e.g. 50 and 54= 4/50

Question 13

Wavelength

Answer 13

colour

Question 14

Kinetic energy

Answer 14

temperature

Question 15

Chemical shape

Answer 15

aroma

Question 16

Vibration

Answer 16

texture

Question 17

Frequency

Answer 17

Pitch

Question 18

Amplitude

Answer 18

loudness

Question 19

Tissue Damage

Answer 19

pain

Question 20

electromagnetic energy, roll right over things (radio waves, microwaves)

Answer 20

big wavelengths of light

Question 21

electromagnetic energy, x-rays and cosmic rays very they go right through objects

Answer 21

tiny wavelengths of light

Question 22

Photo-receptor- mostly in the periphery. Respond to light of all wavelengths. High sensitivity/low resolution, used in low light

Answer 22

Rods

Question 23

Photo-receptor- Centred in the middle of the retina (fovea). Respond to different wavelengths (red/green/blue). High resolution/low sensitivity

Answer 23

Cones

Question 24

Colour perception is mediated by cones

Answer 24

Trichromatic Theory

Question 25

most sensitive at short wavelengths (blue)

Answer 25

s-cones

Question 26

most sensitive at medium wavelengths (green)

Answer 26

m-cones

Question 27

most sensitive at long wavelengths (red)

Answer 27

l-cones

Question 28

one type of cone

Answer 28

monochromat

Question 29

two types of cones

Answer 29

dichromat

Question 30

Males – dichromats- not fooled by camouflage, lookouts Females – dichromats and trichromats- foraging

Answer 30

Callitrichids

Question 31

brain takes shadow into account and converts the image accordingly

Answer 31

Colour constancy and Lightness constancy

Question 32

objects maintain their properties even when the context changes their physical characteristics

Answer 32

Perceptual constancy

Question 33

information comes out the optic nerve and crosses over at that spot towards one of the visual cortex

Answer 33

optic chasm

Question 34

visual pathway from eye to brain

Answer 34

Information received by retina, object in left visual field, lands on the outside of right retina (temporal retina)/inside edge of left retina (nasal retina) and vice versa, information goes to Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) which is a bundle of cells in thalamus, sensory relay station, right visual field goes to left primary visual cortex, left visual field goes to right primary visual cortex

Question 35

connects the two brain hemispheres, e.g. cut for epilepsy treatment, had specific vision problem, two sides don’t coordinate, hemispheres have different views of the world, can still function, left hemisphere produces speech, left side didn’t see anything so didn’t say anything, left hand (controlled by right hemisphere) can point to the shape shown

Answer 35

corpus callosum

Question 36

cues that depend on using two eyes

Answer 36

Binocular Cues

Question 37

can use information from only one eye

Answer 37

monocular cues

Question 38

objects further than fixation will hit the fovea inwards

Answer 38

Uncrossed disparity

Question 39

objects closer than the fixation will hit the fovea outwards

Answer 39

Crossed disparity

Question 40

left and right fields of vision provide slightly different visual images when focusing on a single object, used by our brain to perceive depth

Answer 40

Retinal Disparity

Question 41

when things get closer your eyes need to move inwards to keep track, brain keeps track of eye movement to monitor positions of objects in space

Answer 41

vergence

Question 42

depth perception cue in which objects that are closer, appear to move faster than objects that are far away

Answer 42

motion parallax

Question 43

Using incoming information to drive perception, data-driven, stimulus driven, involuntarily, salience e.g. colour, movement, size, loudness

Answer 43

Bottom-up processing

Question 44

Using our knowledge or experience to drive perception, conceptually-driven, voluntarily, Current needs e.g. Goals, Tasks, Relevance, Motivation, goal-driven

Answer 44

Top-down processing

Question 45

images that have more than one perceptual interpretation

Answer 45

Bistable images

Question 46

change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it

Answer 46

change blindness

Question 47

experiment where one of the interlocutors was switched for another half way through, Did they notice the change? Young adults: yes- between ages of 20-30 Older adults: no- over 30 do not notice

Answer 47

Simons & Levin (1998)

Question 48

Simons & Levin (1998) experiment 2, dressed as construction workers

Answer 48

Did you notice the change? Young adults: 75% no

Question 49

processes that do not need attention

Answer 49

Automatic processes

Question 50

processes that need attention

Answer 50

Controlled processes

Question 51

Searching for one feature (colour, shape) can be done automatically. It “pops out”. It takes the same amount of time, no many how many items you have to search. Searching for a combination of features requires controlled attention. You need to apply attention to each item, one at a time. More items requires more time.

Answer 51

Feature Integration Theory

Question 52

The ability to prioritise some information while ignoring other information

Answer 52

Selective Attention

Question 53

Dichotic Listening- Cherry (1953)

Answer 53

in one ear you hear one message, you need to do shadowing, keep listening and repeating, other message to other ear, attended channel and unattended channel, you only need to shadow one ear, manipulated what was going to the other ear People noticed: Male to female, Forward to backward People didn’t notice: English to German, Any content Filtering quite a bit of information, physical differences/characteristics are noticed

Question 54

Broadbent (1958)

Answer 54

1, 7, 5/8, 9, 3- one number in each ear at the same time, reporting from one ear and then switching to other ear where other digits were still sitting in sensory memory

Question 55

Attention narrows the flow of information into awareness based on physical characteristics- use attention to select one channel of information at a time

Answer 55

Broadbent’s Filter Theory

Question 56

Treisman (1960)

Answer 56

half the sentence in one ear, half in the other (meaning wise)

Question 57

Attended messages pass through clearly. Unattended messages are weakened. Sometimes they break through. Breakthrough happens when the unattended message reaches a threshold. Relevant/expected/important messages have a low threshold. Irrelevant/unexpected/boring messages have a high threshold.

Answer 57

Treisman’s Attenuation Model

Question 58

MacKay (1963)- test sentences

Answer 58

They threw stones at the bank, ambiguous word, use context to interpret it, river or money in other ear, threw stones down by the stream, they threw stones at the building- people who heard river in other ear are more likely to choose option 1, and vice versa- understand the meaning of something even if we are not aware of having been exposed to it, process things outside of our awareness

Question 59

We process everything for meaning, but only selected information makes it into our awareness.

Answer 59

Deutsch & Deutsch Late Selection Model

Question 60

Attention is a flexible pool of resources * If primary task is demanding: no resources left → early selection → no distraction * If primary task is easy leftover capacity → late selection → distraction low v high perceptual load

Answer 60

Load Theory, Nilli Lavie

Question 61

Forster & Lavie (2008)

Answer 61

k or n, low perceptual load v high perceptual load + distractions (pokemons)- faster with no distractor, but less distracted on high