Educ244 Test 1, Lecture 1

Question 1

What was the total human population for most of history?

Answer 1

Less than 10 million people

Question 2

When did the human population begin to increase notably?

Answer 2

Around 10,000 years ago

Question 3

What major developments contributed to the increase in human population?

Answer 3

Agriculture and domestication of animals

Question 4

What is the total fertility rate?

Answer 4

The number of births per woman

Question 5

What was New Zealand’s total fertility rate in 2002?

Answer 5

1.950

Question 6

What percentage of the world population do developed countries represent?

Answer 6

18%

Question 7

What percentage of the world population do developing countries represent?

Answer 7

82%

Question 8

Where will nearly all population growth from now until 2050 take place?

Answer 8

Developing countries

Question 9

What is the replacement level in terms of fertility rate?

Answer 9

Number of births needed to maintain population

Question 10

What significant trend has been observed in New Zealand’s total fertility rate since the late 1970s?

Answer 10

Steady decline

Question 11

What is the approximate percentage of the world’s population living on less than US$2 per day as of 2023?

Answer 11

40%

Question 12

What percentage of children in developed countries go on to tertiary education?

Answer 12

50%

Question 13

What percentage of children in developing countries do not complete primary school?

Answer 13

About 20%

Question 14

What does SES stand for?

Answer 14

Socioeconomic status

Question 15

What factors are included in socioeconomic status (SES)?

Answer 15

• Educational level
• Income level
• Occupational status

Question 16

What does the term ‘majority culture’ refer to?

Answer 16

Sets norms and standards of a dominant social group

Question 17

What is a microculture?

Answer 17

Shared ethnicity, religion, or language

Question 18

What role does gender play in child development?

Answer 18

Expectations of male and female roles

Question 19

What aspects are encompassed in the concept of ethnicity?

Answer 19

• Cultural origin
• Traditions
• Race
• Religion
• Language

Question 20

Fill in the blank: The total fertility rate in New Zealand was ______ in 1921.

Answer 20

1.66

Question 21

True or False: Developed countries are less wealthy than developing countries.

Answer 21

False

Question 22

What has contributed to the decline in birth rates in developed countries?

Answer 22

• Financial considerations
• Access to birth control
• Evolving perspectives
• Tertiary education for women

Question 23

What are the five main theories of child development?

Answer 23

Psychoanalytic, Learning, Constructivist, Humanistic, Ecological

These theories provide different perspectives on how children grow and develop.

Question 24

What is the focus of psychoanalytic theories?

Answer 24

Unconscious forces and childhood experiences impacting adulthood

Key figures include Freud and Erikson.

Question 25

What are the three psychic structures in Freud's theory?

Answer 25

* Id: pleasure principle * Superego: conscience * Ego: reality ## Footnote These structures interact to shape behavior and personality.

Question 26

What are Freud's psychosexual stages?

Answer 26

* Oral * Anal * Phallic * Latency * Genital ## Footnote Each stage is characterized by different focuses of sexual energy.

Question 27

What is Erikson's Psychosocial Theory focused on?

Answer 27

Social and cultural environment throughout the lifespan ## Footnote It consists of eight stages characterized by crises and resolutions.

Question 28

What does behaviorism emphasize in child development?

Answer 28

Observable behaviors and measurable outcomes ## Footnote It includes concepts like conditioning.

Question 29

What is Bandura's Social Learning Theory?

Answer 29

Learning through observation and imitation ## Footnote Reinforcement is not necessary for learning.

Question 30

What are Piaget's cognitive stages?

Answer 30

* Sensorimotor * Preoperational * Concrete operational * Formal operational ## Footnote Each stage represents a different level of cognitive development.

Question 31

Define assimilation in Piagetian terms.

Answer 31

Modifying new information to fit existing schemes ## Footnote It allows children to integrate new experiences.

Question 32

Define accommodation in Piagetian terms.

Answer 32

Changing existing schemes to incorporate new information ## Footnote This process helps children adapt to new experiences.

Question 33

What is Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

Answer 33

The gap between what individuals can do alone and with help ## Footnote It emphasizes the role of social interaction in learning.

Question 34

What is scaffolding in the context of Vygotsky's theory?

Answer 34

Support provided to help learners accomplish tasks ## Footnote Scaffolding should decrease as competence increases.

Question 35

What is the focus of humanistic theories?

Answer 35

Human flourishing and reaching full potential ## Footnote They emphasize the whole person and self-actualization.

Question 36

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Answer 36

A model of human motivation based on fulfilling needs ## Footnote It culminates in self-actualization.

Question 37

What does Weisner's Ecocultural Theory emphasize?

Answer 37

The influence of cultural context on child development ## Footnote It highlights the importance of community and cultural activities.

Question 38

What are the five levels of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Framework?

Answer 38

* Microsystem * Mesosystem * Exosystem * Macrosystem * Chronosystem ## Footnote These levels illustrate the various influences on development.

Question 39

What is the importance of socio-ecological theory?

Answer 39

It highlights relationships between the child and their environment ## Footnote It is particularly relevant for minority cultures in a dominant culture context.

Question 40

What are the Māori models of learning and wellbeing?

Answer 40

* Poutama model * Te Wheke * Te Whare Tapa Whā ## Footnote These models reflect indigenous perspectives on education and health.

Question 41

What is a key conclusion about child development theories?

Answer 41

A holistic view is crucial, acknowledging cultural contexts ## Footnote This understanding shapes parenting, education, and well-being.