EDUC244 Test 2, Week 6

Question 1

What is ADHD?

Answer 1

ADHD brains have trouble regulating attention, sometimes hyperfocus, and have a slower development of executive function systems. Working memory is more limited, and there are different presentations of ADHD, not everyone is hyperactive.

Question 2

What are the core symptoms of ADHD?

Answer 2

Inattention, Hyperactivity, Impulsivity.

Question 3

What are the ADHD subcategories?

Answer 3

• Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype
• Combined subtype
• Predominantly inattentive subtype (most common).

Question 4

How is ADHD viewed from a Māori perspective?

Answer 4

ADHD is seen through the metaphor of the pīwakawaka, a bird admired for its agility and curiosity, traits often seen in individuals with ADHD. Māori culture embraces these traits as strengths.

Question 5

How is ADHD diagnosed?

Answer 5

Through history, interviews, observations, and rating scales completed by multiple informants. There is no biological testing, and symptoms must have a significant impact on functioning.

Question 6

What is the prevalence of ADHD across the lifespan?

Answer 6

Affects 5-8% of school-aged children, with up to 2/3 continuing to have ADHD in adulthood. ADHD is diagnosed more frequently in boys than girls (2:1).

Question 7

What are some misconceptions about the increasing prevalence of ADHD?

Answer 7

Misconceptions include cultural pressures, social expectations, and geographical location. The increase in diagnosis is likely due to increased awareness and access to treatment.

Question 8

What is the relationship between trauma and ADHD?

Answer 8

Exposure to maltreatment and adversity increases the likelihood of ADHD, with different types of maltreatment affecting boys and girls differently.

Question 9

What is AuDHD?

Answer 9

AuDHD refers to individuals with both Autism and ADHD, which are neurodevelopmental conditions with shared genetic heritability and overlapping features.

Question 10

What causes ADHD?

Answer 10

ADHD is a multifactorial disease with genetic and environmental contributors. Twin studies show a hereditary rate of 71% to 90%.

Question 11

What are the mechanisms of ADHD?

Answer 11

ADHD is associated with reward sensitivity, executive dysfunction, and differences in time perception.

Question 12

What are common strengths of individuals with ADHD?

Answer 12

Imagination, creativity, impulsivity, spontaneity, energy, passion, resilience, perseverance, hyperfocus, empathy, and compassion

Question 13

What are common challenges for children with ADHD?

Answer 13

Challenges at home (homework, self-care, family conflict), at school (completing schoolwork, listening to instructions), and with friends (communication, verbal impulsivity).

Question 14

What are common challenges for adolescents with ADHD?

Answer 14

Family conflict, risk-taking behaviors, academic achievement issues, higher levels of peer conflict, and mental health problems.

Question 15

What are the side effects of ADHD medication?

Answer 15

Increased tolerance, beneficial effects only during treatment, uncertainty of long-term outcomes, reduced sleep, appetite, and growth.

Question 16

What are some behavioral supports for ADHD?

Answer 16

Parent/whanau training for young children, organizational skills training for older children/adolescents/adults, and school-based programs focusing on social behaviors and practical skills.

Question 17

What are some other methods to support ADHD?

Answer 17

Gamification, martial arts training, ADHD coaching, visual aids, and classroom strategies like providing breaks and using fidget toys.

Question 18

What are some suggestions from students with ADHD for teachers?

Answer 18

Initiate support, create opportunities for group work, consider the physical classroom environment, and model respect, trust, and acceptance.

Question 19

What are some executive function accommodations for ADHD?

Answer 19

Keeping rules simple, avoiding long discussions about behavior, providing breaks, chunking tasks, and using visual schedules/organizers/timers.

Question 20

What is the definition of child maltreatment?

Answer 20

Child maltreatment includes a range of adult behaviors that can cause psychological and physical injury to children, encompassing physical, sexual, psychological abuse, and neglect.

Question 21

What are the types of child maltreatment?

Answer 21

Physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological or emotional abuse, and neglect.

Question 22

What are some barriers to detecting, disclosing, and reporting child maltreatment?

Answer 22

Younger children lack vocabulary, older children are reluctant to complain, victims blame themselves, and professionals may fail to act due to loyalty, fear, or high caseloads.

Question 23

What are the prevalence rates of child maltreatment globally?

Answer 23

Physical neglect: 16.3%, physical abuse: 22.6%, emotional neglect: 18.4%, emotional abuse: 36.3%, sexual abuse: 12.7%

Question 24

What are the characteristics of perpetrators of child maltreatment?

Answer 24

Often parents with lower parenting skills, biased thinking, drug abuse issues, and at-risk of perpetrating domestic violence.

Question 25

Who are the victims of child maltreatment?

Answer 25

28.6% are 0-2 years old, victimization rates are higher for girls, and higher in children from indigenous and ethnic/cultural minority populations.

Question 26

What are the non-fatal outcomes and effects of child maltreatment?

Answer 26

Immediate physical and emotional injury, developmental delays, poor health, reduced life expectancy, and increased economic burden on society.

Question 27

What are the consequences of child maltreatment on development?

Answer 27

Affects brain development, attachment and social development, leads to developmental delays, poor emotional self-regulation, lack of empathy, and mental health issues.

Question 28

What are some risky and damaging behaviors associated with child maltreatment?

Answer 28

Excessive aggression or withdrawal, risky sexual behaviors, poor parenting, drug and alcohol abuse, and suicide attempts.

Question 29

What are the theories explaining why child maltreatment happens?

Answer 29

Psychiatric model (characteristics of the abuser), sociological model (social factors), and the effects of the child on the caregiver.

Question 30

What is the social-ecological model for addressing child maltreatment?

Answer 30

Addressing multiple factors and overlapping systems to build strengths and resiliency in families and whānau.

Question 31

What are some effective intervention and prevention strategies for child maltreatment?

Answer 31

Trauma-focused CBT, EMDR, parent-child psychotherapies, home visitation programs, and multi-component programs.

Question 32

What are some key approaches to preventing child maltreatment in Aotearoa/NZ?

Answer 32

Establishing a positive view of children, changing attitudes about physical punishment, reducing adult partner violence, addressing substance abuse, and providing parent education.

Question 33

What are some examples of effective programs for preventing and intervening in child maltreatment?

Answer 33

MST—CAN/BSF (intensive family therapy), Triple P (parent training), ACT-Parents Raising Safe Kids Program, Healthy Start (home visitation program).

Question 34

What are some important factors for effective parent education programs?

Answer 34

Early intervention, providing information about child development, tailoring education for diverse groups, using same ethnic group workers, and focusing on positive parenting.