test 2 PSYC121

Question 1

physiognomy

Answer 1

physical appearance (face) is window to the soul

Question 2

narcissism

Answer 2

younger more, men more

Question 3

interactionism

Answer 3

genetic factors + environment

Question 4

Christie and Geis (1970)

Answer 4

the machiavellian personality- lack of concern for morality, lack of affect in relationships, low ideological commitment

Question 5

interpersonal psychopathy symptoms

Answer 5

arrogant, callous, manipulative

Question 6

affective psychopathy symptoms

Answer 6

shallow, irritable, lacking remorse

Question 7

behavioural psychopathy symptoms

Answer 7

impulsive, irresponsible, breaks rules

Question 8

the dark tetrad

Answer 8

narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy

Question 9

pluralism

Answer 9

many ways of practising/thinking

Question 10

Dsm

Answer 10

recognised mental health disorders with guidelines for diagnosis

Question 11

icd-ll

Answer 11

other common classification system

Question 12

descriptive

Answer 12

approaches distinguish based on observable features, dsm does this

Question 13

causal

Answer 13

approaches distinguish based on some underlying cause

Question 14

dsm disorders

Answer 14

around 298 mental disorders

Question 15

heterogeneity

Answer 15

many origin

Question 16

symptomatic heterogeneity

Answer 16

meet dsm criteria while having very different sets of symptoms

Question 17

causal

Answer 17

many dsm diagnoses are capturing diverse patterns of difficulty under one label

Question 18

theory

Answer 18

explanatory theory is a scientific explanation of how something works

Question 19

traditional model of panic attacks (Clark, 1986)

Answer 19

trigger stimulus = pereceived threat- apprehension- body sensations- interpretation of sensations as catastrophic- perceived threat

Question 20

transdiagnostic mechanism

Answer 20

chunk of theory that seems to apply across different problems/diagnoses

Question 21

hyperventilation cycle

Answer 21

stress = hyperventilation- anxiety- more hyperventilating- symptoms worsen- hyperventilation

Question 22

formulation

Answer 22

theory of an individual’s particular presenting problems (rather than a disorder)

Question 23

avoidance cycle

Answer 23

perceive danger- avoid- brief relief- anxiety grows- perceive danger

Question 24

Uncertainty

Answer 24

infants live in a constant state of… As we learn about the world, it becomes more predictable, When we can make predictions about the world, we are better at conserving valuable energy/resources

Question 25

Language Development

Answer 25

reducing uncertainty in the behaviour of other people by decoding sounds

Question 26

Physical Development

Answer 26

reducing uncertainty about how to operate the body in which you were born

Question 27

Evolution

Answer 27

process by which all living things gradually change in ways that allow them to better adapt to their environment

Question 28

adaptive function

Answer 28

“how does the observed behaviour help the organism to survive”

Question 29

Cognitive Development

Answer 29

Learning about the world

Question 30

Social Development

Answer 30

Getting help from others

Question 31

Attachment

Answer 31

An enduring emotional tie between an infant and their caregiver

Question 32

precocial

Answer 32

they are capable of surviving on their own from birth

Question 33

altricial

Answer 33

we are incapable of surviving on their own at birth, babies are born underdeveloped, compared to other mammals

Question 34

Oxytocin

Answer 34

a hormone that is key in stimulating uterine contractions (inducing labor), lactation (breastfeeding)

Question 35

Konrad Lorenz (1937)

Answer 35

discovered that some animals (ducks, geese) develop attachment very quickly after they are born (“critical period”)

Question 36

Critical Window

Answer 36

There is a narrow window of time in which imprinting can take place (12-17 hours after hatching)

Question 37

Critical Periods

Answer 37

Starts and ends abruptly During this time, organism is extremely sensitive to external stimuli that are compulsory for developing a particular skill

Question 38

Sensitive Periods

Answer 38

Starts and ends gradually During this period, organism is especially sensitive to external stimuli

Question 39

Feeding Hypothesis

Answer 39

Function of attachment is to access food (survival), Psychoanalytic theory (Sigmund Freud): Attachment formed through “drive reduction” (food), Learning/Behaviour: Attachment formed through association with feeding

Question 40

Social Needs Hypothesis

Answer 40

Attachment is about fulfilling an important social need to be soothed or loved (“creature comforts”)

Question 41

Harlow’s Studies on Attachment in Rhesus monkeys

Answer 41

Regardless of which mother fed them, they spent more time with the cloth mother (strong evidence against the feeding hypothesis)

Question 42

formation of human attachment

Answer 42

months 0-2 does not discriminate 2-7 begins to prefer familiar people, beginning of ‘stranger danger’ 7-24 developed attachment to primary caregiver, beginning of ‘separation anxiety’ 24- onwards reciprocal relationship, child feels secure over prolonged separations sensitive period

Question 43

bowlby’s theory of attachment

Answer 43

he theorise that attachment- is an all or nothing process- is carried out by an innate behavioural system- goal of infant’s attachment behaviors is to get closer to caregiver

Question 44

mary ainsworth’s strange situation test

Answer 44

goal- to measure the quality of attachment in infant- caregiver relationship

Question 45

insecure avoidant attachment style

Answer 45

parents won’t respond to needs

Question 46

insecure resistant attachment

Answer 46

unpredictable responses to needs

Question 47

disorganised attachment (rare)

Answer 47

no set pattern of expectations- i don’t know what works so i’ll try whatever

Question 48

body budget

Answer 48

Every action has a metabolic cost (breathing, thinking, walking, sleeping, etc).

Question 49

Unnecessary Expenditure

Answer 49

Expending the energy needed to do the (bad) action

Question 50

Opportunity Cost

Answer 50

Missing the opportunity to do the (better) action that would be more helpful in the long run

Question 51

Executive Functions (EF)

Answer 51

Monitoring and Control of thought, action, and emotion, to effectively achieve one’s goals, EFs are the cognitive skills needed for self-control- the speed of a car is self control, efs are the oil, the road, your ability- how we achieve self control

Question 52

Inhibition

Answer 52

the ability to restrain oneself from performing a particular action

Question 53

social expectations

Answer 53

conditional love and affection

Question 54

social learning

Answer 54

inherit perfectionistic behaviors

Question 55

social reaction

Answer 55

perfectionism as a protective reaction- reaction to living in a harsh environment- provide a sense of stability/control, prove racist stereotypes wrong

Question 56

anxious rearing

Answer 56

parental anxiety and projection- more likely to be sentenced to a longer jail sentence than pakeha- racism