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Abdo > The Anal Canal > Flashcards

The Anal Canal Flashcards

1
Q

where is the anal canal found within the GI tract?

A

The anal canal is the final segment of the gastrointestinal tract

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2
Q

where does the anal canal extend between?

A

extending between the rectum and the anus

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3
Q

what is the role of the anal canal?

A

It has an important role in defecation and maintaining faecal continence

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4
Q

where is the anal canal located?

A

The anal canal is located within the anal triangle of the perineum

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5
Q

what does the anal canal lie in close proximity to?

A

It lies in close proximity to several other important structures in the pelvis and perineum

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6
Q

what is anterior to the anal canal in males?

A

Perineal body
Urogenital diaphragm
Urethra
Bulb of the penis

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7
Q

what lies anterior to the anal canal in females?

A

Perineal body
Urogenital diaphragm
Vagina

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8
Q

what lies posterior to the anal canal?

A

Anococcygeal ligament

Coccyx and sacrum

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9
Q

what lies laterally to the anal canal?

A

Ischioanal fossae

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10
Q

about how long is the anal canal in length?

A

4cm

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11
Q

where does the anal canal begin?

A

It begins as a continuation of the rectum

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12
Q

which direction does the anal canal passes?

A

passes in an infero-posterior direction

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13
Q

where does the anal canal terminate?

A

at the anus

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14
Q

when is the anal canal collapsed?

A

during defecation

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15
Q

what is the anal canal collapsed by?

A

internal and external anal sphincters

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16
Q

why does the anal canal need to collapse during defecation?

A

to prevent the passage of faecal material

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17
Q

what is the anal canal surrounded by?

A

The anal canal is surrounded by internal and external anal sphincters

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18
Q

what is the function of the internal and external anal sphincters?

A

play a crucial role in the maintenance of faecal continence

19
Q

what does the internal anal sphincter surround?

A

surrounds the upper 2/3 of the anal canal.

20
Q

what forms the internal anal sphincter?

A

It is formed from a thickening of the involuntary circular smooth muscle in the bowel wall

21
Q

what type of muscle is the external anal sphincter?

A

voluntary muscle

22
Q

what does the external anal sphincter surround?

A

surrounds the lower 2/3 of the anal canal

23
Q

what does the external anal sphincter blend in with superiorly?

A

It blends superiorly with the puborectalis muscle of the pelvic floor

24
Q

what is the anorectal ring?

A

a muscular ring

25
Q

where is the anorectal ring?

A

at the junction of the rectum and the anal canal

26
Q

what is the anorectal ring formed by?

A

It is formed by the fusion of the internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter and puborectalis muscle

27
Q

when can the anorectal ring be palpated?

A

on digital rectal examination

28
Q

what lines the superior aspect of the anal canal? which structure is the same lining as?

A

The superior aspect of the anal canal has the same epithelial lining as the rectum (columnar epithelium)

29
Q

how is the mucosa organised in the anal canal? what is it known as?

A

organised into longitudinal folds, known as anal columns

30
Q

where are the anal columns joined? what are they joined by?

A

joined together at their inferior ends by anal valves

31
Q

what is situated above the anal valves?

A

anal sinuses

32
Q

what are anal sinuses?

A

small pouches above the anal valves which are referred to as anal sinuses

33
Q

what do anal sinuses contain?

A

contain glands that secret mucus

34
Q

what do anal valves collectively form? what is it known as?

A

an irregular circle – known as the pectinate line (or dentate line)

35
Q

what does the pectinate line divide?

A

This line divides the anal canal into upper and lower parts

36
Q

what is different in the upper and lower parts of the anal canal?

A

differ in both structure and neurovascular supply

37
Q

why do the upper and lower parts of the anal canal differ in both structure and neurovascular supply?

A

result of their different embryological origins

38
Q

what is the embryonic origin of structures above the pectinate line?

A

derived from the embryonic hindgut

39
Q

what is the embryonic origin of structures below the pectinate line?

A

derived from the ectoderm of the proctodeum

40
Q

what is the anal canal lined by inferior to the pectinate line? what is it known as?

A

Inferior to the pectinate line, the anal canal is lined by non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium (known as the anal pecten)

41
Q

how does anal pecten look like?

A

pale and smooth surface

42
Q

when does anal pecten transit into skin?

A

anal pecten transitions at the level of the inter-sphinteric groove to true skin

43
Q

what type of epithelium is true skin?

A

keratinised stratified squamous

Abdo (50 decks)

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