The Human Body: An Orientation

Question 1

Define: Physiology

Answer 1

is the study of body functions and relates to the operation of specific organ systems

Question 2

2. What are the 6 levels of Structural Organisation

Answer 2

1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue level
4. Organ level
5. Organ system level
6. Organismal level

Question 3

What is an organ system?

Answer 3

An organ system is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

Question 4

How many organ systems are there?

Answer 4

11

Question 5

Name all the organ systems

Answer 5

Integumentary system 
Skeletal system 
Muscular system 
Nervous system 
Endocrine system 
Cardiovascular system 
Lymphatic system 
Respiratory system 
Digestive system 
Urinary system 
Reproductive system

Question 6

What are the 7 Necessary Life Functions

Answer 6

Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth

Question 7

What are the 5 survival needs?

Answer 7

Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
Atmospheric pressure

Question 8

What are the 9 National Health Priorities?

Answer 8

Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Injury prevention and control
Mental health
Diabetes
Asthma
Obesity
Dementia
Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

Question 9

What are Directional Terms

Answer 9

They allow medical personnel and anatomists to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another

Question 10

What is the anatomical position

Answer 10

The body is erect with the feet parallel, the arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward

Question 11

Directional Term: Superior (Cranial)

Answer 11

toward the head or above

Question 12

Directional Term: Inferior (Caudal)

Answer 12

toward the bottom or below

Question 13

Directional Term: Ventral (anterior)

Answer 13

Toward the front of the body or structure

Question 14

Directional Term: Dorsal (posterior)

Answer 14

Toward the rear or back of the body structure

Question 15

Directional Term: Medial

Answer 15

Toward the midline of the body

Question 16

Directional Term: Lateral

Answer 16

Away from the midline of the body

Question 17

Directional term: Intermediate

Answer 17

between two points

Question 18

Directional Term: Proximal

Answer 18

Closer to the point of origin/attachment

Question 19

Directional Term: Distal

Answer 19

Farther from the point of origin/attachment

Question 20

Define: Regional Terms

Answer 20

Visible landmarks on the body surface, used to specifically refer to a body part or area

Question 21

Body Planes: Frontal plane

Answer 21

vertical line that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Question 22

Body Planes: Mid-saggital plane

Answer 22

divides the body into equal left and right parts

Question 23

Body Planes: Parasagittal plane

Answer 23

divides body into unequal left and right parts

Question 24

Body Planes: Transverse plane

Answer 24

horizontal line dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

Question 25

Body Planes: Oblique plane

Answer 25

diagonal line through the body

Question 26

What are the 2 main Body Cavities

Answer 26

Dorsal Cavity | Ventral Cavity

Question 27

What are the 2 subdivisions of the Dorsal Cavity, and what organs do they hold

Answer 27

Cranial Cavity- the brain | Spinal Cavity- the spinal cord

Question 28

What are the 2 subdivisions of the Ventral Body Cavity, and what organs are found there

Answer 28

Thoracic Cavity- contains Pleural cavity (lungs) and Pericardial cavity (heart) Abdominopelvic Cavity- contains Abdominal cavity (digestive organs) and Pelvic cavity (bladder, reproductive organs and rectum)

Question 29

Serous Membranes What cavities are line with serous membranes?

Answer 29

Ventral cavities

Question 30

Define: Serous membrane

Answer 30

a thin double layered membrane

Question 31

Define the function: Serous membrane

Answer 31

reduces friction as organs move

Question 32

What are the 2 layers of the serous membrane

Answer 32

Visceral and Parietal

Question 33

Define: Visceral membrane

Answer 33

covers/lines the organs

Question 34

Define: Parietal membrane

Answer 34

lines the cavity wall

Question 35

What is the Pleural cavity lined with

Answer 35

Pleura

Question 36

What is the Pericardial cavity lined with

Answer 36

Pericardium

Question 37

What is the Abdominopelvic cavity lined with

Answer 37

Peritoneum

Question 38

Where does Serous Fluid sit in the serous membrane

Answer 38

in between the visceral and parietal layer

Question 39

Define: Homeostasis

Answer 39

Is the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing

Question 40

Homeostasis Define: Dynamic Equilibrium

Answer 40

internal conditions are always changing

Question 41

What happens when the body leaves Homeostasis

Answer 41

feedback systems are activated to return back to homeostasis

Question 42

Give examples: Negative Feeback

Answer 42

- body temperature - blood pressure - blood sugar levels

Question 43

Give examples: Positive Feedback

Answer 43

- labor - breast feeding - blood clotting

Question 44

Homeostasis Define: Negative Feedback

Answer 44

responds to reduce or stop the undesirable initial stimulus

Question 45

Homeostasis Define: Positive Feedback

Answer 45

responds to enhance or continue the initial stimulus

Question 46

What are the 3 components of the Homeostatic Control Mechanism

Answer 46

Receptor- sensors that detect the stimulus occuring to the body Control Centre- analyses the information sent from the receptors, compares to the set point and determines a response Effector- cell or organ that produces a response under instruction by the control centre

Question 47

What is the Control Centre for body temperature regulation

Answer 47

Hypothalamus

Question 48

What is the normal body temperature

Answer 48

37 degrees

Question 49

Why is it important for the body temperature to be maintained within narrow limits?

Answer 49

This is because there are numerous enzyme reactions with the body that are vital for survival that are dependent on the 37 degrees. An elevated body temperature can destroy the enzymes and compromise survival

Question 50

Homeostasis What is the Afferent pathway?

Answer 50

pathway from receptor to Control Centre

Question 51

Homeostasis What is the Efferent pathway

Answer 51

from Control Centre to effector

Question 52

Define: Anatomy

Answer 52

is the study of body structures