The Cells

Question 1

Cells are made up of what elements

Answer 1

1. Carbon
2. Oxygen
3. Hydrogen
4. Nitrogen

Question 2

What are the 3 main regions of the Generalised Cell

Answer 2

Nucleus- control centre, usually located near the centre of the cell
Cytoplasm- surrounds the nucleus in it’s semifluid
Plasma Membrane- encloses the cytoplasm & forms the outer cell boundary

Question 3

Where is DNA/ Genetic Material held in a cell

Answer 3

Nucleus

Question 4

Why is DNA important?

Answer 4

It is necessary for cell reproduction, it contains instructions for building the whole body

Question 5

What are the 3 main elements of Cytoplasm

Answer 5

Cytosol- mostly water, liquid component. Organelles are suspended here
Organelles- specialised structures within the cell that perform particular functions
Inclusions- granules or vesicles

Question 6

Define: Plasma membrane

Answer 6

Outer boundary of a cell

- allows movement of substances in and out of a cell

Question 7

Define: Nuclear envelope

Answer 7

Membrane that surrounds the contents of the nucleus

Question 8

Define: Nucleolus

Answer 8

Site of ribosome production

Question 9

Define: Ribosomes

Answer 9

Site of protein synthesis

Eg. hormones, enzymes

Question 10

Define: Membrane bound ribosomes

Answer 10

Ribosomes attached to Rough endoplasmic reticulum.

- Proteins destined for packaging and used in the plasma membrane or released from cell

Question 11

Define: Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 11

Network of connected sacs or tubules that are connected to the nuclear envelope

Question 12

Name the 2 types of Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 12

Smooth ER

Rough ER

Question 13

Define: Smooth ER

Answer 13

Responsible for the synthesis of lipids and cholestrols

- no ribosomes

Question 14

Define: Rough ER

Answer 14

Covered with ribosomes

- membraneous system that packages proteins into vesicles for shipping to the Golgi apparatus

Question 15

Define: Mitochondria

Answer 15

Site of ATP production

Question 16

Define: Golgi Apparatus

Answer 16

Stack of flattened membranes that modify and packages proteins sent from the rough er destined for secretion out of the cell

Question 17

Define: Lysosomes

Answer 17

Small vesicles containing digestive enzymes for intra-cellular digestion of worn out organelles and other substances

Question 18

Define: Peroxisomes

Answer 18

Small vesicles containing enzymes that neutralise toxins and free radicals

Question 19

Name to 3 types of Cell extentions

Answer 19

Cilia
Flagellum
Microvilli

Question 20

Define: Cilia

Answer 20

cellular extensions that use a beating action to move substances along cell surface

Question 21

Define: Flagellum

Answer 21

cellular extensions that are able to propel the cell along to move

Question 22

Define: Microvilli

Answer 22

microscopic cell extensions that increase the surface area of the cell surface

Question 23

Name the 2 phases of the Cell Cycle

Answer 23

Interphase

Mitotic phase

Question 24

Define: Interphase

Answer 24

period from cell formation to cell division

Question 25

Define: Mitotic phase

Answer 25

division of mother cell to produce 2 identical daughter cells

Question 26

Cell Cycle What are the 3 phases within Interphase

Answer 26

G1- growth of cell S- DNA replication G2- cell prepares for division

Question 27

Cell Cycle Define: G0 phase

Answer 27

phase where the cell no longer divides

Question 28

What is the importance of Cell division

Answer 28

it is essential for body growth and repair

Question 29

The Plasma membrane is made up of what structures

Answer 29

``` Phospholipid bilayer Integral proteins Peripheral proteins Non-polar hydrophobic tail Polar hydrophilic head ```

Question 30

What makes up the Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 30

Non-polar hydrophobic tail | Polar hydrophilic head

Question 31

Plasma membrane Define: Integral proteins

Answer 31

proteins that deeply penetrate the lipid bilayer, usually extending from one side to the other

Question 32

Plasma membrane Define: Peripheral proteins

Answer 32

proteins that loosely to the surface of the plasma membrane

Question 33

What is the difference between passive and active transport

Answer 33

Passive doesn't use cellular energy | Active transport does use cellular energy ATP

Question 34

Define: Simple diffusion

Answer 34

Movement of solutes directly through the plasma membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 35

Define: Carrier-mediated diffusion

Answer 35

Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration by attaching to a protein that changes shape in order to transport the substance

Question 36

Define: Channel-mediated diffusion

Answer 36

Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration by passing through a protein channel

Question 37

Define: Osmosis

Answer 37

Movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 38

Define: Active Transport

Answer 38

Movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

Question 39

Define: Endocytosis

Answer 39

Movement of substances into a cell

Question 40

Define: Exocytosis

Answer 40

Movement of substances out of a cell

Question 41

What is the difference between intracellular and extracellular fluid

Answer 41

Intracellular is fluid inside a cell | Extracellular is fluid outside of the cell

Question 42

What substances move by Simple Diffusion

Answer 42

Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

Question 43

What substances move by Osmosis

Answer 43

Water

Question 44

What substances move by Active Transport

Answer 44

Sodium and Potassium

Question 45

What substances move by Carrier-mediated Transport

Answer 45

Glucose and Amino acids

Question 46

Define: Electrolytes

Answer 46

substances that dissociate in water into ions

Question 47

Define: Ions

Answer 47

charged molecules

Question 48

Define: Proteins

Answer 48

complex molecules present in the body. Eg. hormones, enzymes, antibodies and collagen etc

Question 49

Define: Solute

Answer 49

substance being dissolve

Question 50

Define: Solvent

Answer 50

dissolves the solute

Question 51

Name the 3 types of Passive Processes

Answer 51

Simple diffusion Facilitated (carrier and channel) Osmosis

Question 52

What are the 3 types of solutions in Osmosis

Answer 52

Isotonic- same solute concentration inside the cell as outside HYPERtonic- greater solute concentration outside the cell than inside HYPOtonic- lower solute concentration outside the cell than inside

Question 53

Define: Nucleoli

Answer 53

One or more small, dark staining, essentially round bodies contained in the nucleus Nucleoli are sites where RIBOSOMES are assembled

Question 54

What are the 3 types of Membrane Junctions

Answer 54

1. Tight junctions 2. Desmosomes 3. Gap junctions

Question 55

What are Tight Junctions

Answer 55

Impermeable junctions that encircle cells and Binds cells together into leakproof sheets

Question 56

What are Desmosomes

Answer 56

Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

Question 57

Define: Vesicular Transport

Answer 57

Involves the help from ATP, moves substances into or out of cells without their actually crossing the plasma membrane

Question 58

What are the 2 types of Vesicular Transport

Answer 58

1. Exocytosis- moves substances out of the cell | 2. Endocytosis- moves substances into the cells

Question 59

If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what happens

Answer 59

the cells lose water and shrink

Question 60

Which organelle is responsible for synthesising protein

Answer 60

ribosomes

Question 61

Cytosol mainly consists of what

Answer 61

water

Question 62

A red blood cell placed in pure water would..

Answer 62

swell and burst

Question 63

Solutions with a higher concentration of solutes than the concentration inside the cells are what?

Answer 63

HYPERtonic