The Lower Limb Flashcards
0
Q
Give the muscles that make up the medial compartment of the thigh
A
Adductor magnus Adductor longus Adductor brevis Obturator externus Gracialis
1
Q
State the muscles that make up the anterior compartment of the thigh
A
Ilipsoas - psoas major and iliacus
Quadriceps femoris - vastus medialis, intermedius and lateralis, and rectus femoris
Satorius
Pectineus
2
Q
What is the most superficial and medial muscle in the medial compartment of the thigh?
A
Gracialis
3
Q
What is the smallest, most superior muscle of the medial compartment of the thigh?
A
Obturator externus
4
Q
What is the largest muscle of the medial compartment and where is it located in relation to the other muscles?
A
Adductor magnus
Posterior
5
Q
What is the longest muscle in the body that is located in the thigh?
A
Sartorius
6
Q
What nerve innervates the majority of the anterior compartment of the thigh, and what is the exception?
A
Femoral nerve
Psoas major - anterior rami of L1-L3
7
Q
Function of the psoas major
A
Flex the lower limb at the hip and assists in lateral rotation
8
Q
Innervation of psoas major
A
Anterior rami of L1-L3
9
Q
Function of iliacus
A
Flex the lower limb at the hip and assists in lateral rotation
10
Q
Innervation of iliacus
A
Femoral nerve
11
Q
What muscles make up the ilipsoas?
A
Psoas major
Iliacus
12
Q
What muscles make up the quadriceps femoris
A
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
Rectus femoris
13
Q
Function of the vastus muscles
A
Extend the knee
14
Q
Innervation of the vastus muscles
A
Femoral nerve
15
Q
Innervation of the rectus femoris
A
Femoral nerve
16
Q
Function of the sartorius
A
Flexes, abducts and laterally rotates at the hip joint
Flexes at the knee
17
Q
Innervation of sartorius
A
Femoral nerve
18
Q
Function of pectineus
A
Adduction and flexion at the hip joint
19
Q
Innervation of pectineus
A
Femoral nerve
20
Q
How and why would you test the quadriceps femoris?
A
Do for suspected femoral nerve damage.
Patient lies supine with the knee slightly flexed. Ask the patient to extend the leg and resist the movement. Should be able to clearly see the contraction.
21
Q
Which nerve and artery supplies the majority of the medial compartment of the thigh?
What is the exception?
A
Obturator nerve
Obturator artery
Hamstring part of adductor magnus innervated by the tibial nerve
22
Q
Function of the two parts of the adductor magnus.
A
Adductor part - adducts and flexes the thigh
Hamstring part - adducts and extends the thigh
23
Q
Innervation of the two parts of adductor magnus
A
Adductor - obturator nerve
Hamstring - tibial nerve
24
Function of adductor longus
Adducts and medially rotates the thigh
25
Innervation of adductor longus
Obturator nerve
26
Function of adductor brevis
Adduction of the thigh
27
Innervation of adductor brevis
Obturator nerve
28
Function of obturator externus
Lateral rotation of the thigh
29
Innervation of obturator externus
Obturator nerve
30
Function of gracialis
Adduction of the thigh at the hip and flexion of the leg at the knee
31
Innervation of gracialis
Obturator nerve
33
Describe injury to the adductor muscles and the treatment you would recommend.
'Groin strain'
Proximal part of the muscles affected, tearing near their bony attachments
RICE protocol - rest, ice, compression, elevate
34
Describe the main function of the fibula.
An attachment for muscles
35
What if the lateral surface of the fibula that extends inferiorly called?
Lateral malleolus
36
Describe how the lateral malleolus is prone to fracture
Forced external rotation of the ankle so force is exerted on it by the talus, causing a spiral fracture.
Or eversion causing a transverse fracture.
37
Describe the main function of the tibia
Weight bearing
| Articulates at the knee and ankle joints
38
Describe the intercondylar eminence
Two tubercles and a roughened area which are the main sites for attachments of the menisci and ligaments of the knee joint.
39
Where does the patellar ligament attach on the tibia?
Tibial tuberosity
40
What marks the posterior surface of the tibial shaft?
Scleal line
41
What is attached to the lateral border of the tibial shaft?
Interosseus membrane
42
What part of the distal tibia articulates with the tarsal bones to form the ankle joint?
Medial malleolus
43
What does the head of the femur articulate with at the hip?
Acetabulum of the pelvis
44
What is the importance of the head of the femur being thin?
Allows for increased range of movement at the hip joint
45
Describe the difference between the greater and lesser trochanters (aside from size)
Greater - originates from anterior shaft. Site of attachment for abductor and lateral rotator muscles of the leg.
Lesser - projects from posteromedial side. Psoas major and iliacus attach here.
46
What is the intertrochantic line in the femur?
A ridge of bone connecting the two trochanters where the iliofemoral ligament attaches.
47
Describe the intertrochantic crest of the femur.
A ridge of bone which connects the two trochanters. Has a quadrate tubercle where the quadratus femoris attaches.
48
Describe the difference between intracapsular and extracapsular fractures of the proximal femur.
Intracapsular - Common in the elderly, can damage the femoral circumflex artery causing avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Leg is shortened with toes pointed inward.
Extracapsular - more common in the young. Blood supply remains intact. Leg shortened and laterally rotated.
49
The femoral shaft has linea aspera, which is rough ridges of bone. Describe what this changes into proximally, distally, and on the lateral border.
Proximally - pectineal line
Lateral border - Gluteal tuberosity
Distally - widens to form the floor of the popliteal fossa.
50
Describe a fracture of the femoral shaft.
Relatively uncommon as it requires a lot of force.
Tend to be spiral fractures with leg shortening
May cause femoral nerve palsy (weakness of the quadriceps primarily) and must ensure that the blood supply hasn't been damaged.
51
What type of joint is the knee?
Hinge synovial joint
52
What type of joint is the hip?
Ball and socket synovial joint
53
Where is the primary attachment for extensor muscles of the thigh?
Posterior ilium
54
Where is the primary attachment for flexor muscles of the thigh?
Anterior ilium
55
Where can the tensor of fascia lata be found?
Deep within the lateral fascia
56
Describe the changes from the aorta into the thigh.
```
Aorta
Common iliac
(Internal iliac --> obturator)
External iliac
Femoral artery
(Popliteal artery) and
Deep artery of the thigh
- Perforating arteries
- Lateral/medial humeral circumflex
```
57
Describe the passage of the great saphenous vein to the femoral vein.
From the foot, passes anterior to the medial malleolus, up the medial surface of the thigh, then posterior to the medial condyle of the femur to the saphenofemoral junction where it becomes the femoral vein.
58
Describe the passage of the small saphenous vein.
Passes up the posterior calf and inserts into the popliteal vein.
59
Give the borders of the femoral triangle.
Superior - inguinal ligament
Lateral - medial border of sartorius
Medial - medial border of adductor longus
60
Give the contents of the femoral triangle from lateral to medial.
Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Some lymph
61
Where can the femoral artery be palpated?
At the mid-inguinal point.
| Midway between the pubic symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
62
Describe the femoral sheath and it's contents.
Fascia coming together. Contains femoral artery and vein, and some lymph vessels and nodes.
Has a hole for the great saphenous vein
63
Describe the lacuna ligament.
Passes round the medial side of the femoral canal.
| Is moon-shaped.
64
Describe the femoral canal.
Within the femoral sheath, contains just the lymph nodes. Allows slight distention of the femoral vein.
65
Describe herniation of the intestine into the femoral canal.
The femoral ring is a weak point.
| The lacuna ligament may then constrict the blood supply, causing avascular necrosis.
66
Why is there minimal rotation of the tibia and fibula when the leg is extended?
The collateral ligaments are tighter
67
What bone of the foot articulates with the leg?
Talus
68
Describe the importance of the suprapatellar bursa.
Prevents rubbing on the patellar groove. Connects round and through the knee which means that an infection can easily pass deep into the joint.
69
What are osteophytes?
Bone spurs.
| Commonly form at joints due to arthritis.
70
Describe how you could test for rupture of the calcaneus (achilles) tendon.
Grip the gastronemius and squeeze.
| Foot won't flex if the tendon has ruptured.
71
If a patient came in with a fractured fibula, what would you look for to see if they had damaged their fibular nerve?
Foot drop
72
What is the pelvic outlet?
The lowermost ring of bones in the pelvis
73
What is the acetabulum?
The socket part of the hip joint.
74
What two ligaments pass across the pelvis to form the sciatic frame?
Sacrospinous ligament
| Sacrotuberous ligament.
75
What is the function of the intercondylar notch in the femur?
Stops the tibial tuberosities catching in flexion, and makes room for the cruciate ligaments.
76
Describe an upper tibial fracture
Also known as a bumper fracture. Causes huge swelling and pain.
Check for popliteal artery, tibial and common perineal nerve damage.
Can lead to osteoarthritis at the knee and compartment syndrome.
77
Describe a fracture of the tibial and fibular shafts.
Pain and swelling
Neurovascular injury
May be an open fracture so check for infection
Can lead to compartment syndrome
78
Describe a Pott's fracture
Bimalleolar ankle fracture
Commonly a tackle injury
Can lead to arthritis
79
Describe an intertrochantic fracture
Limb shorter and externally rotated
Can't weight bear
Swelling
No ischaemia
80
Describe a femoral shaft fracture
Occurs most commonly in young aducts
Can cause serious blood loss, shock, pain and swelling.
High risk for a fat embolus due to yellow marrow.
81
Describe how you would conduct a Trendelenburg test.
Ask the patient to stand unassisted on each leg in turn.
If positive, the pelvis will drop on the side of the unsupported leg.
Look for the level of the iliac crest on both sides.
82
State which nerve the Trendelenburg tests, and why.
Superior gluteal nerve
Gluteus minimus and medius normally contract when the contralateral leg is raised, preventing the unsupported pelvis from dropping on that side.tf
83
State the muscles that make up the superficial abductors and extenders in the gluteal region
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
84
Function of the gluteus maximus
Main extensor of the thigh, assists with lateral rotation.
| Only used when force is required.
85
Innervation of the gluteus maximus
Inferior gluteal nerve
86
Function of gluteus medius
Abducts and medially rotates the lower limb.
| Secures the pelvis during locomotion, preventing pelvic drop of the opposite limb.
87
Innervation of gluteus medius
Superior gluteal nerve
88
Function of gluteus minimus
Abducts and medially rotates the lower limb.
| Secures the pelvis during locomotion, preventing pelvic drop of the opposite limb.
89
Innervation of gluteus minimus
Superior gluteal nerve
90
Function of the piriformis
Key landmark in the gluteal region
91
Innervation of piriformis
Nerve to piriformis
92
Function of obturator internus
Lateral rotation and abduction
93
What muscle forms the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity?
Obturator internus
94
Innervation of obturator internus
Nerve to obturator internus
95
Function of the superior and inferior gemelli
Lateral rotation and abduction
96
What separates the superior and inferior gemelli
Obturator internus tendon
97
State the deep muscles of the gluteal region
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Superior and inferior gemelli
Quadratus femoris
98
Innervation of the superior and inferior gemelli
Superior - nerve to obturator internus
| Inferior - nerve to quadratus femoris
99
Function of quadratus femoris
Lateral rotation
100
Innervation of quadratus femoris
Nerve to quadratus femoris
101
Describe how the piriformis is an important landmark of the gluteal region.
Divides into anterior/superior parts.
Division determines the name of the vessels/nerves that supply the area.
Can be used to locate the sciatic nerve which enters the gluteal region directly inferior to the piriformis and is visible as a flat band.
102
What is the ligamentum teres?
Ligament which passes into the head of the femur from the acetabulum with the obturator artery.
103
Where is the acetabulum weakest?
At the bottom: acetabular notch
104
What ligaments strengthen the hip joint?
```
Acetabular transverse ligament
Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Ligamentum teres
```
105
What part of the femoral neck is largely extracapsular?
Lateral
106
What cartilage is present in the acetabulum before the three bones fuse?
Tri-radate cartilage
107
What are the adductors at the hip?
```
Adductor magnus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Gracialis
Obturator interni
```
108
What are the muscles which extend at the hip?
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Long head of biceps femoris
Gluteus maximus
109
What muscles abduct at the hip?
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata
110
What are the lateral rotators at the hip (superior to inferior)
```
Piriformis
Superior gemellus
Obturator internus
Inferior gemellus
Quadratus femoris
```
111
What is the piriformis an important landmark for?
Sciatic nerve, which usually runs beneath it
112
What are the anterior, inferior, superior and posterior nerves that supply the hip?
Anterior - Femoral
Inferior - obturator
Superior - superior gluteal nerve
Posterior - nerve to quadratus femoris
113
What arteries are involved in blood supply to the hip?
Deep femoral artery which gives rise to the medial/lateral circumflex femoral arteries that supply the head of the femur.
Obturator artery which supplies the head of the femur through the ligamentum teres, but is unable to support the joint alone.
114
Describe hip dysplasia.
Abnormal growth of the hip changing the angle of the femoral neck or it's relationship with the acetabulum.
Relatively common and is seen in a spectrum.
Can increase the risk of dislocation at birth or sometime later.
Problems with the acetabulum, head of the femur or the support capsule.
115
Describe a slipped upper femoral epiphysis
Fracture through the growth plate which is very problematic if left.
The head is still articulating but the rest has moved.
Check for in a teen with hip pain, can't always be seen on an x-ray
116
Describe hip dislocation
The hip will be shortened and medially rotated.
Very uncommon as huge force is involved (unless congenital)
Can cause damage to the sciatic nerve.
The capsule and acetabulum will be disrupted.
117
Describe a femoral neck fracture
Common in the elderly
Must be fixed quickly as it has a high mortality
Is an intracapsular fracture
Shortened and laterally rotated.
Blood supply may be disrupted, leading to avascular necrosis.
If healthy can be fixed with reduction but if beginning to necrotise will need to be replaced.
118
Describe a trochanteric fracture
Extracapsular so there is decreased risk of necrosis.
| Can treat with a dynamic hip screw.
119
Give the important bursae in the hip.
Ilipsoas bursa - below the muscle
Trochanteric bursa - over the greater trochanter
Gluteus medius bursa
Ischiogluteal bursa - on ischeal tuberosity
120
Which bursa of the hip is most likely to become inflamed during horse riding or riding a bike?
Ischiogluteal bursa
121
What is subchondral sclerosis?
Increased bone density or thickening below the cartilage of a joint, usually due to osteoarthritis.
122
Give the stages of rheumatoid arthritis.
Healthy
Synovitis
Pannus - abnormal layer of fibrovascular or granulation tissue
Fibrous ankylosis - fibrous connective tissue process causing decreased range of movement
Bony ankylosis - osseus tissue fuses two bones together, reducing mobility.
123
What are the upper margins of the popliteal fossa?
Medially - semitendinosus and semimembranosus
| Laterally - biceps femoris
124
What are the lower margins of the popliteal fossa?
Medially - medial head of gastrocnemius
| Laterally - lateral head of gastrocnemius and plantaris muscle
125
What is the floor of the popliteal fossa?
```
Capsule of the knee joint
Adjacent surfaces of the femur and tibia
Popliteus muscle (inferiorly)
```
126
What is the roof of the popliteal fossa?
```
Deep fascia (with the small saphenous vein)
- continuous with the fascia lata of the thigh and deep fascia of the leg
```
127
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa, medially to laterally?
Popliteal artery - under semimembranosus
Popliteal vein - superior to the artery
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve
128
What is the function of the biceps femoris?
Flexes the leg at the knee.
Long head also laterally rotates and extends the hip.
With the knee partly flexed, can laterally rotate the leg at the knee.
129
What is the innervation of the biceps femoris?
Long head - tibial nerve
| Short head - common fibular nerve
130
What is the function of semitendinosus?
Flexes the leg at the knee and extends the thigh at the hip
| Medially rotates the thigh at the hip and the leg at the knee.
131
What is the innervation of semitendinosus?
Tibial nerve
132
What is the function of semimembranosus?
Flexes the leg at the knee and extends the thigh at the hip.
| Medially rotates the thigh at the hip and the leg at the knee.
133
Innervation of semimembranosus
Tibial nerve
134
What are the bony surfaces of the knee joint?
Condyles of the femur
Condyles of the tibia
Patellar surface of femur
Articular surface of the patellar
135
What attaches to the epicondyles of the femur?
```
Lateral collateral ligaments
Adductor magnus (medially)
```
136
What is the top, flattened part of the tibial surface known as?
Tibial plateau
137
Describe the difference between the medial and lateral surface of the tibial plateau.
Medial is slightly concave
| Lateral is slightly convex
138
What is the function of menisci in the knee?
Deepen the tibial element of the knee
Act as shock absorbers
Have a role in synovial fluid movement
139
What are menisci made from?
Fibrocartilage
140
What attaches the menisci to the joint capsule?
Coronary ligament
141
What connects the medial meniscus anteriorly to the knee?
Transverse ligament
142
What muscles help to stabilise the knee joint.
Inferior fibres of vastus medialis/lateralis
| Iliotibial tract
143
Describe the passage of the posterior cruciate ligament through the knee.
Passes anteriorly and inserts medially
144
Describe the function of the posterior cruciate ligament
Limits posterior movement of the tibia
Limits hyperflexion
Main stabiliser in a weight bearing flexed knee
145
How do you test the function of the posterior cruciate ligament?
Posterior drawer test.
146
Describe the passage of the anterior cruciate ligament through the knee.
Passes posteriorly and inserts laterally.
147
What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?
Limits anterior movement of the tibia against the femur
| Limits hyperextension
148
How do you test the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?
Anterior drawer test.
149
Describe the association of the lateral collateral ligament with the knee
Inserts into the fibular head
| Sits largely outside the joint capsule
150
Describe the association of the medial collateral ligament with the knee.
Part of the fibroid capsule
| Attached to the medial meniscus
151
What reinforces the lateral collateral ligament in the knee?
Ilio-tibial tract
152
What muscles cause flexion at the knee?
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Gastrocnemius
153
What muscles cause extension at the knee?
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
154
Why do the knees lock in extension?
Decrease the effort by the muscles to stand
155
Describe the movement of the bones that cause locking of the knees in extension?
Femur rotates internally over the tibia
156
What muscle helps to 'unlock' the knee and how does it do this?
Popliteus
| Rotates the femur externally
157
Describe the unhappy triad
Injury to the PCL, ACL and medial meniscus.
Caused by lateral twisting of a flexed knee, usually due to trauma.
ACL is injured because it's taut during flexion
158
Describe the cause of ACL damage
Hyperextension of the knee
159
Describe the cause of PCL damage
A fall onto the tibial tuberosity with a flexed knee as the tibia is pushed back against the femur
160
Why are the menisci less likely to be injured than ligaments at the knee?
They are very mobile.
161
Describe bursitis in the knee
Can be suprapatellar, prepatellar (housemaid's knee) or superficial infrapatellar (clergyman's knee).
Tends to occur due to excessive kneeling.
Is hard to spot the difference between them because they look very similar.
Treat with NSAIDs and rest.
162
Why is osteoarthritis of the knee common?
The knees are weight bearing
163
Describe a popliteal cyst in the knee.
A baker's cyst.
Abnormal fluid-filled sac of synovial membrane, usually in the semimembranosus tendon.
Generally hard and may be tender
Is a sign of chronic knee effusion.
Tends to settle without intervention.
Can connect to the synovium of the knee joint.
164
Give a way in which you could investigate injuries of the knee joint.
Imaging - MRI best for soft tissue
Arthroplasty
Aspiration - blood indicates a fracture
Clinical examination
165
At what point does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?
On passage through the adductor hiatus
166
What two nerves does the sciatic nerve bifurcate into and where to they run?
Common fibular nerve - runs laterally in the popliteal fossa along the biceps femoris.
Tibial nerve - runs through the centre of the popliteal fossa with the popliteal vein and artery
167
State the contents of the popliteal fossa from lateral to medial.
Common fibular nerve
Tibial nerve
Popliteal vein
Popliteal artery
168
What are the branches of the popliteal artery?
Posterior tibial artery
Anterior tibial artery
Circumflex fibular artery
169
Why is a blocked popliteal artery not a disaster?
There is an extensive anastamoses system.
170
Where does the tibial nerve provide sensory innervation?
Posterolateral and anterolateral leg
| Sole of the foot
171
Where does the common fibular nerve provide sensory innervation?
Lateral leg
| Dorsal surface of the foot
172
What are the two sets of ligaments of the ankle?
Medial ligament - four separate ligaments which fan out from the medial malleolus. Resists over eversion.
Lateral ligament - three distinct and separate ligaments. Resists over-eversion of the foot.
Anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular
173
What muscles cause plantarflexion of the foot?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Posterior tibialis
174
What muscles cause dorsiflexion of the foot?
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallicus longus
Extensor digitorum longus
175
What is most likely to be damaged in an ankle sprain and why?
Lateral ligament. Weaker than the medial ligament and resists inversion.
Anterior talofibular ligament most at risk of irreversible damage.
176
Describe a Pott's fracture
Trimalleolar (both malleoli and tibia) or bimalleolar (both malleoli) fractured due to forced eversion.
177
Explain how a Pott's fracture occurs.
Forced eversion pulls the medial ligaments, causing an avulsion fracture of the medial malleolus.
Talus moves laterally, breaking the lateral malleolus.
Tibia forced anteriorly, shearing the distal and posterior part against the talus.
178
What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?
Syndesmosis - fibrous.
179
What type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?
Plane synovial
180
What type of joint is the ankle?
Rolling hinge synovial joint
181
Describe what is meant by a mortise tenon joint in relation to the ankle.
Concave box arrangement of the malleoli is the mortise
Protrusion of the talus is the tenon
182
Describe the arches of the foot.
Medial longitudinal arch - calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiform, 1-3 metatarsals
Lateral longitudinal arch - calcaneus, cuboid, 4-5 metatarsals
Transverse arch - strengthened by tendons of the leg muscles. Tarsals and metatarsals.
183
Describe the retinacula of the ankle.
Extensor retinaculum anteriorly - superior/inferiorly
Inferior peroneal retinaculum
Superior peroneal retinaculum
184
What would be the consequences of a lack of retinaculum in the ankle?
Risk of bow-stringing
185
What bones articulate to form the ankle?
Tibia (superior and medial articulatory surfaces)
Fibula (lateral articulatory surface)
Talus (superior, inferomedial and inferolateral surfaces)
186
Describe the arches of the foot.
Medial longitudinal arch - calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiform, 1-3 metatarsals
Lateral longitudinal arch - calcaneous, cuboid, 4-5 metatarsals
Transverse arch - strengthened by the tendons of the leg muscles. Tarsals and metatarsals.
187
How many articular surfaces does each tarsal bone have?
6
188
What spinal nerves are tested by dorsiflexion of the foot?
L4-5
189
What spinal nerves are tested by plantar flexion of the foot?
S1-2
190
Describe the deltoid ligament of the foot?
Strengthens the medial surface.
- Tibionavicular ligament
- Calcaneotibial ligament
- Talotibial fibres (deep)
Crossed by tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus tendons which reinforce.
191
Describe the lateral ligament of the foot.
Strengthens the lateral surface.
- Anterior and posterior fibres to talus
- Intermediate fibres to calcaneus
192
Describe a Pott's fracture.
Variety of bimalleolar fractures caused by excessive eversion. Tears off the medial malleolus, then the talus moves laterally and shears off the lateral malleolus.
193
Function of gastrocnemius
Plantarflexion
| Flex at knee
194
Innervation of gastrocnemius
Tibial nerve
195
Function of plantaris
Plantarflexion
| Flexion at the knee
196
Innervation of plantaris
Tibial nerve
197
Function of soleus
Plantarflexion of the foot
198
What muscles form the calcaneal tendon?
Gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus
199
Function of popliteus
Allows initiation of flexion by unlocking the knee
| Stabalises the knee joint
200
Innervation of soleus
Tibial nerve
201
Innervation of popliteus
Tibial nerve
202
Function of flexor hallicus longus
Flex great toe
| Starts gait cycle
203
Innervation of flexor hallicus longus
Tibial nerve
204
Function of flexor digitorum longus
Flexion of four digits
| Plantar flexion
205
Innervation of flexor digitorum longus
Tibial nerve
206
Function of tibialis posterior
Plantarflexion
| Supports the arch of the foot
207
Innervation of tibialis posterior
Tibial nerve
208
What muscles pass through the flexor retinaculum in the leg?
Flexor hallicus longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior
209
What arteries branch from the posterior tibial artery?
Fibular
Plantar arch
Medial plantar
210
What artery branches from the anterior tibial artery?
Dorsalis pedis?
211
What artery branches from dorsalis pedis?
Arcuate artery (dorsal arch)
212
Nerve roots of femoral nerve
L2 to L4
213
Cutaneous supply by femoral nerve
Anterior thigh
Anteromedial knee
Medial leg
Medial foot
214
Nerve roots of obturator nerve
L2 to L4
215
Nerve roots of sciatic nerve
L4 to S3
216
Nerve roots of gluteal nerve
L4 to S2
217
Nerve roots of lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
L2 to L3
218
Cutaneous supply by lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Skin of the lateral thigh
219
Nerve roots of the tibial nerve
L4 to S3
220
Cutaneous supply by tibial nerve
Posterolateral leg
Lateral foot
Sole of foot
221
Nerve roots of common fibular nerve
L4-S3
222
Cutaneous supply by common fibular nerve
Upper lateral and lower posterolateral leg
223
Nerve roots of deep fibular nerve
L4-L5
224
Cutaneous supply by deep fibular nerve
Triangular region of skin between 1st and 2nd toes
225
Nerve roots of superficial fibular nerve
L4-S1
226
Cutaneous supply by superficial fibular nerve
Dorsum of foot, anterior and lateral aspect of medial 1/3 of leg
227
What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
228
What muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibularis longus
| Fibularis brevis
229
Function of tibialis anterior
Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot
230
Innervation of tibialis anterior
Deep fibular nerve
231
Function of extensor digitorum longus
Extension of the lateral four toes and dorsiflexion of the foot
232
Innervation of extensor digitorum longus
Deep fibular nerve
233
Function of extensor hallucis longus
Extension of the great toe and dorsiflexion of the foot
234
Innervation of extensor hallucis longus
Deep fibular nerve
235
Function of fibularis longus
Eversion and plantarflexion of the foot.
| Supports the lateral and transverse arches.
236
Innervation of fibularis longus
Superficial fibular nerve
237
Function of fibularis brevis
Eversion of the foot
238
Innervation of fibularis brevis
Superficial fibular nerve
239
Where would you test for the L1 dermatome?
Over the inguinal ligament
240
Where would you test for the L2 dermatome?
Lateral thigh
241
Where would you test for the L3 dermatome?
Lower medial thigh
242
Where would you test for the L4 dermatome?
Medial side of great toe OR
| Medial ankle
243
Where would you test for the L5 dermatome?
Medial side of digit II
244
Where would you test for the S1 dermatome?
Little toe OR
| Heel
245
Where would you test for the S2 dermatome?
Back of the thigh
246
Where would you test for the S3 dermatome?
Gluteal fold
247
How could you test L2 motor function?
Hip flexion
248
How could you test L3 motor function?
Knee extension
249
How could you test L4 motor function?
Foot dorsiflexion
250
How could you test L5 motor function?
Great toe extension
251
How could you test S1 motor function?
Foot plantarflexion
252
How could you test S2 motor function?
Knee flexion
253
Where could you test the sensory function of the obturator nerve?
Medial thigh
254
Where could you test the sensory function of the sciatic nerve?
Posterior thigh, leg and foot
255
Where could you test the sensory function of the femoral nerve?
Anterolateral thigh, anteromedial leg, dorsum of foot
256
Where could you test the sensory function of the superficial fibular nerve?
Anterolateral leg
257
Where could you test the sensory function of the tibial nerve?
Posterolateral leg
