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BIOL 108 > Topic 13: Evolution Of Land Plants > Flashcards

Topic 13: Evolution Of Land Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Many characteristics found in land plants are present in various of ___ clades, expecially ___

A

Protist, algae

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2
Q

Plants possess a cell wall made of ___

A

Cellulose

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3
Q

Plants store photosynthetic sugars as ____ in ____

A

Starch, plastids

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4
Q

Who did land plants evolve from?

A

Green algae

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5
Q

Charophytes

A

Freshwater green algae

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6
Q

Many charophyte algae inhabit shallow freshwater habits to avoid drying. Why is this so?

A

Because natural selection favours individuals that can survive for long periods when not submerged in water

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7
Q

Charophytes and land plants share traits in the common ancestor of clade _____

A

Streptophyta

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8
Q

What are the three Shared derived traits of streptophyta

A

1) rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins anchored in a plasma membrane

2) homologous structure of flagellated sperm

3) phragmoplast formation during cell division

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9
Q

What do synthesized cellulose proteins do to a plant

A

The glucose polymers provide structural rigidity to the cell wall

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10
Q

True or false: not all plants sperm possess flagella

A

True

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11
Q

What does the process Phragmoplast formation do

A

Aids in constructing a ccell wall plate that merges with an existing cell wall, which separates the two daughter cells

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12
Q

What is the strictest definition of kingdom plantae

A

Clade embryophyta (plants with embryos)

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13
Q

Advantages of charophytes moving to land

A

Low competition, increased photosynthesis, abundant co2, rich soil, fewer threats (herbivores and pathogens)

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14
Q

Some challenges to charophytes mocving to land

A

Scarce water lack of structural support

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15
Q

How did charophytes succomb to challenges moving to land

A

Plants have adapted to these conditions that help enhance their survival out of water

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16
Q

What is sporopollenin

A

A durable polymer in the cell wall of plants made of C.H.O. It protects charophyte zygotes and other plants from UV light, desiccation and physical stress

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17
Q

Desiccation

A

Water scarcity

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18
Q

Where is sporopollenin found in?

A

Cell walls of spores and pollen of plants

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19
Q

What are the 4 adaptations that helped plants cope on land

A

1) sporophollenin (cell wall)

2) adaptation for water conservation

3) vascular tissue

4) compartmentalization

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20
Q

What is the function of a waxy cuticle in a plant

A

It acts as a protective layer that covers the epidermus, mitigating the removal of moisture and microbial attacks

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21
Q

What two parts of the plant aid in waterconservation?

A

Waxy cuticle and the stomata

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22
Q

What is a stomata

A

Tiny pores in the epidermis of leaves and and photosynthetic organs that open in close to minimize water loss. Serves as sites as evaporation

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23
Q

____ transports water and minerals from roots and shoots

A

Xylem

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24
Q

A complex polymer that strengthens and waterproofs xylem cell walls

A

Lignin

25
Q

Living cells that distribute soluble organic compounds produced during photosynthesis

A

Phloem

26
Q

What do vascular tissues provide for a plant?

A

Rigidity (helps eeep the plant standing) and water and nutrient transport

27
Q

Roots spread underground seeking ____ and ____. While shoots seek ____ and ___

A

Water and minerals/nutrients
Light and gases

28
Q

To promote plant growth, what does elongation and branching do?

A

Helps enhance survival by exposing the plant to environmental resources

29
Q

What are 5 shared derived traits of land plants

A

Alternation of generations
Multicellular dependant embryos
Walled spores
Multicellular gametangia
Apical meristems

30
Q

The life cycle of a plant alternates between two ________ _______

A

Multicellular generations

31
Q

Diploid 2n is responsible for dispersal

A

Sporophyte

32
Q

How do diploids sporophytes arise?

A

By the fusion of gametes via fertilization

33
Q

Sporophytes produce _______ _____ by ______

A

Haploid spores, meiosis

34
Q

_____ is specialized for fertilization

A

Haploid (1n)

35
Q

What does the gametophyte (haploid) produce?

A

Haploid gametes by MITOSIS

36
Q

Alternation of generations occur in brown algae but not in ______

A

Charophytes

37
Q

Alternation of generations arised in land plants by the addition of ____

A

Sporophytes (multicellular diploid generation)

38
Q

Land plants are considered _____ due to the embryo dependancy on the _____

A

Embryophytes, gametophyte

39
Q

How would you distinguish a land plant from a charophyte

A

Analyzing embryos

40
Q

Land plants retain multicellular diploid embryos within tissues of _________

A

Female gametophyte

41
Q

Walled spores are produced inn ______

A

Sporangia

42
Q

How are spores produced

A

Within tstructures in the sporophyte called sporangia

43
Q

What is a diploid cell called?

A

SporoCYTES

44
Q

Gametophytes produce gametes by _____

A

Mitosis

45
Q

Gametangia

A

Multicellular structures where gametes are produced by mitosis

46
Q

Archegonia

A

Female gametangia

47
Q

Antheridia

A

Male gametangia

48
Q

What are apical meristems

A

Regions of cell division at the shoot and root tips that enable continous growth.

49
Q

Cuticle

A

Waxy layer of a plant that minimizes water lost and shields against microbial threats

50
Q

Gaurd cells

A

Regulate water loss by opening and closing the stomata

51
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Symbiotic relationship between fungi and plan roots that assist in nutrient acquisition (specifically in early land plants lacking roots)

52
Q

Timeline of plant evolution:

A

Cynobacteria->green algae->land plants

53
Q

Land plants are classified based on the presence of _______

A

Vascular tissues

54
Q

Non vascular plants are called ____

A

Bryophytes

55
Q

Bryophytes are not a _____ group

A

Monophyletic

56
Q

Two clades of seedless vascular plants

A

Lycophytes and monilophytes (pteridophytes)

57
Q

Are seedless vascular plants polyphyletic of paraphyletic

A

Paraphyletic

58
Q

What are seed plants characterized by?

A

Characterized by seeds containing an embryo and nutrients enclosed in a protective coat

59
Q

Tow clades of seed plants

A

Gymnosperms and angiosperms ( flowering plants, the most dominant group)

BIOL 108 (27 decks)

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