Topic 19: introduction to animals

Question 1

what specific traits define an animal?

Answer 1

animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that originated from embryotic layers

Question 2

what are the 5 characteristics of animals?

Answer 2

1) cell structure and specialization
2) nutritional mode
3) reproduction
4) development
5) motility

Question 3

since animals lack cell walls, what do they have instead?

Answer 3

the extracellular matric=x (made with structural proteins and collagen)

Question 4

what makes tissues unique in animals?

Answer 4

they have a group of cells with specific functions and the same structure

Question 5

what does somatic mean?

Answer 5

non-reproductive

Question 6

what happens to somatic cells in an animal

Answer 6

they develop into specialized types

Question 7

what are two specialized cells in multicellular animals/organisms

Answer 7

neurons (nerve cells) and muckle cells

Question 8

what is the nutritional mode of animals?

Answer 8

chemoheterotrophs

Question 9

how do animals get organic molecules in their body when they cannot make organic molecules for themselves?

Answer 9

animals need to consume other organisms to obtain these organic molecules

Question 10

how do animals digest

Answer 10

digest through phagocytosis

Question 11

do gamete size in animals vary, if so elaborate

Answer 11

yes, egg cells are large and non-motile while sperm is microscopic and motile

Question 12

what are the common asexual reproduction methods by invertebrate animals?

Answer 12

fission or fragmentation

Question 13

what are the least common asexual reproduction methods by invertebrates ?

Answer 13

budding

Question 14

parthenogenesis

Answer 14

development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell

Question 15

benefits of asexual reproduction

Answer 15

1) rapid population growth
2) backup plan in unfavourable conditions

Question 16

what is the shape of the zygote that forms in animals

Answer 16

spherical

Question 17

stages of embryotic development in animals

Answer 17

1) diploid zygote undergoes many round of mitotic cell division called cleavage

2)cleavage becomes an eight-celled emryo

3)continued cell division creates a bastula

4) cell undergoes gastrulation with different layers, forming the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

Question 18

bastula

Answer 18

a hollow ball of cells surrounded by a central cavity called the blastocoel

Question 19

gastrulation

Answer 19

stage in embryotic development when the bastula fold inwards and fills the blastocell, forming a pouch that includes the endoderm and the ectoderm

Question 20

archeteron

Answer 20

pouch formed by gastrulation

Question 21

What are hox genes

Answer 21

a critical set of genes that determine the body plan and segment identity, coordinate varoius structures during embryotic development

Question 22

hox genes are highly conserved, what does this mean?

Answer 22

this means that hox gene arrangement and order is conserved and remains similar across all the aniaml phyla

Question 23

two primary modes of development

Answer 23

direct and indirect development

Question 24

what is direct development

Answer 24

the animal after birth is a smaller version of the adult form that is not sexually mature
(example: human babies)

Question 25

what is inderct development

Answer 25

grwoth occurs in stages with morphological and behavioural differences (example: caterpillars/larvae undergoing metmorphesis to become a butterfly)

Question 26

what does sessile mean

Answer 26

immoble

Question 27

what does radial symmetry suggest

Answer 27

that the animal is immoble/sessile

Question 28

what does bilateral symmetry suggest

Answer 28

movement, lovomotion , posses a central nervous system

Question 29

cephalization

Answer 29

development of the head region containing sensory organs

Question 30

what is bilateral symmetry associated with?

Answer 30

cephalization

Question 32

what are animals characterizaed by?

Answer 32

body plan, which includes morphological and development traits

Question 33

tissues

Answer 33

specialized group of cells that have common structures and or functions that are isolated from other tissues

Question 34

diploblastic

Answer 34

animals with two embryotic cell layers (ectoderm and endoderm) (in radial symmetrical animals)

Question 35

tripoblastic

Answer 35

inclusion of a mesoderm that gives rise to organs and muscles (in bilateral anaimals)

Question 36

what do most tripoblastic animals have

Answer 36

a fluid filled cavity

Question 37

what is a structure that large animals develop

Answer 37

coloem

Question 38

what do many tripoblastical animal cells have

Answer 38

hemocel

Question 39

what are some various functions of the coloem

Answer 39

suspend internal organs, allow internal organs to shift without deforming out of the body (ex heart beating) cushion organs, a hydrostatic skeleton in soft bodied animals

Question 40

coloem

Answer 40

the fluid-filled body cavity of an animal that contains the internal organs

Question 41

where does the hemocel form and what is the name of the liquid contained in it?

Answer 41

the hemocel is formed between the mesoderm and the endoderm. the hemocel contains hemolymph

Question 42

true or false: coloems and hemocels have the same embryotic origin

Answer 42

false

Question 43

hemocoel

Answer 43

the primary body cavity of most invertebrates, containing circulatory fluid. has an open circulatory system

Question 44

function of the hemocoel

Answer 44

circulatory system

Question 45

what do tripoblastics animals (flat animals specifically) lack? and what does the lack of the structure imply?

Answer 45

they lack a hemocoel which implies that they dont require an internal circulatory system and diffusion across the body surface

Question 46

two categorizations of embryotic development in bilateral (tripoblastic) animals

Answer 46

protosome and deuterosome development

Question 47

what is the difference in cleavage for protosome and deuterosome development

Answer 47

protostome: spiral and determinate cleavage deut: radial and indeterminate

Question 48

what does it mean for radial veleopmetn in a deterosome

Answer 48

cells form and stack difrectly on top of eachother

Question 49

what does it mean to be indeterminate

Answer 49

early cells retain the capacity to develop into a complete embryo and creates identical twins

Question 49

difference in coloem formation in protostome and deutorostome development

Answer 49

pro: splitting og solid masses of the mesoderm deut: mesoderm folds and makes mini pockets from the walls of the archeteron

Question 49

difference in bastipore fate in pro and deut

Answer 49

pro: becomes the mouth deut: becomes the anus

Question 50

name the three clades of bilateral animals

Answer 50

hemichordates, echinoderms, and chordates (they all have deuterostomia)