TOPIC 27: vertebrates

Question 1

ancestral chordates resembled

Answer 1

lancelets

Question 2

vertebrates

Answer 2

chordates that have a vertebral coloumn (backbone)

Question 3

how did vertebrates arise:

Answer 3

through the evolution of invertebrates

Question 4

vertebral column

Answer 4

Cartilage or bone protects the nerve cord, replaces function of notochord

Question 5

invertebrate eleborate brain enclosure

Answer 5

protects the brain, increased cephalization

Question 6

do vertebrates have a cranium with or without jaws

Answer 6

with jaws

Question 7

how many sets of hox genes in a vertebrate?

Answer 7

two or more

Question 8

invertebrates nueral crests

Answer 8

developed along the nueral tube edge in vertebrate embryos and contribute to structures such as teeth

Question 9

how are dorsal, anal and tail fins stiffened

Answer 9

with fin rays alongthe centerline

Question 10

what makes a vertebrate circulatory system complex and modified?

Answer 10

• two chambered heart
• oxygen transporting cells
• kidneys to remove metabolic waste

Question 11

what does the complex circulatory sytem help with

Answer 11

helps with increased metabolic rates and more muscularity

Question 12

something the earliest vertebrates lacked

Answer 12

jaws

Question 13

something both lamphrey and hagfishes lack? and are they both invertebrates or vertebrates?

Answer 13

backbone and a jaw, vertebrates

Question 14

cyclostomes

Answer 14

round mouths

Question 15

jawless vertebrates that have a cartilanginous cranium, reduced vertebrae anf a flexible rod of cartilage from the notochord

Answer 15

hagfishes

Question 16

gnathostomes

Answer 16

vertebrates with jaws

Question 17

animals from clade cyclostomes that have cartilaginous skeleton, elaborate cranium, girll basket, and vertebral elements

Answer 17

lamphreys

Question 18

do lancelets and lamphreys have similar behavious?

Answer 18

yes, both are suspension feeders and bury themselves

Question 19

earliest vertebrate found in fossil record

Answer 19

conodots

Question 20

characteristics of conodots

Answer 20

mineralized skeletal elements in mouth and pharynx

vertebral column

Question 21

gnathostomes

Answer 21

vertebrates with jaws

Question 22

shared

Answer 22

-opposed jaw
- mineralization o f bones
- 2 pairs of hox LATERAL APPENDAGES
- genome and hox gene duplication
- bigger forebrain
- lateral line system

Question 23

lateral line system

Answer 23

helps detect vibrations on water

Question 24

what does a bigger forebrain enhance

Answer 24

smell and vision

Question 25

earliest vertabrates have ____ skeletons

Answer 25

catiligous

Question 26

two types of bones

Answer 26

endoskeleton and dermal skeleton

Question 27

differences in endo and dermal skeleton

Answer 27

endo derived form preformed cartilage
dermal derived from intramemembrane ossifcation

Question 28

flexible vonnective tissue with an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in chonfriotoin surface

Answer 28

cartilage

Question 29

in ganatostomes, cartilages undergoes_____ as the embryo develops

Answer 29

ossification/becomes bony

Question 30

extinct vertebrate fuish that retained cartilaginous skeleton but find had a wide, bony base and an anterior body spine

Answer 30

acanthodians

Question 31

have cartiligious skeleton, bony teeth, bony placoid (tooth shaped) scales

Answer 31

chondrichthyans (sharks)

Question 32

what kind of ventilation do sharks rely on?

Answer 32

ram ventilation

this process incolces sharks swimming with their mouths open that allow oxygen to pass, facilitating in respiration

Question 33

something sharks do: they open and close their mouths to ventilate their gills

Answer 33

buccal pumping

Question 34

digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts of sharks (and most vertebrates) empty through a ____

Answer 34

cloaca

Question 35

3 embryotic development methods in shakrs

Answer 35

oviparous
ovoviviparous
viviparous

Question 36

embryotic development where embryo is nourished by a yolk in the uterus

Answer 36

ovovoviviparous

Question 37

laying fertilized eggs outside the mothers body encased in a protective leathery coat

Answer 37

oviparous

Question 38

embryotic development in the uterus and nourished by a yolk PLACENTA connected to the mothers bloodstream

Answer 38

viviparous