TOPIC 34: HUMAns

Question 1

how are humans classified as

Answer 1

greate apes with large brains and locomotion

Question 2

closests relatives to humans

Answer 2

chimpanzees and bonobos

Question 3

great apes are ____

Answer 3

hominids

Question 4

what are 4 ways that humans differ from extant great apes (hominids)

Answer 4

• upright posture and bipedal locomotion
• larger brains
• reduced jawbone and jaw muscles
• shorter digestive tractw

Question 5

why does hominin evolutionary NOT follow a linear progression for culminating humans?

Answer 5

incomplete fossil speciemens and cannot infer the big picture

Question 6

what is the name of the earliest hominin

Answer 6

ardipithecus

Question 7

things ardipithecus exhibit

Answer 7

increased bipedalism and small brains

Question 8

causes of bipedalism

Answer 8

• large mammal predators
• competition for resources
• changes in environment

Question 9

advantages and disadvantages of bipedalism

Answer 9

advantages
- more visibility of predators
- energy efficient
- better thermoregulation
- hands for carrying things

disadvantages
- vulnerable to foot injuries (hard to get around with no legs)
- increased strain on hips, backs knees and ankles

Question 10

skeletal adaptations for bipedalism

Answer 10

• skull atattchment ; repositioned of the foramen magnum
• spinal curvature: s shaped
• pelvis reconfiguration to support internal organs in an upright position
• elongation of legs for more efficient locomotion
• foots: enlarged heel, tiny toes, stability

Question 11

paraphyletic, early homnin group that are
- fully bipedal
- short stature
- short bowl-shaped pelvis
- sexual dismorphism
- s,a;; brain
- large pretruding jaw
- evidence of tool use

Answer 11

austalopiths

Question 12

traits of early homosapiens (homo habilis)

Answer 12

• large brain capacity
• shorter jaw
• short in stature

Question 13

the first fully bipedal and large-brained homonid

Answer 13

homo eragaster

Question 14

traist thatare unique to homo eragaster

Answer 14

• large cranium and brain
• long slender legs
• small teeth
• sexual dispmorphism

Question 15

first hominin to migrate out of africa, had a larger brain, and used tools

Answer 15

homo erectus

Question 16

group that most likely evolved from african populations of homo erectus

Answer 16

homo heidelbergensis

Question 17

traits of homo heidelgensis

Answer 17

• large animal hunter and were similar to homosapiens

Question 18

homonin group that
- lived in cold environments
- robust physiques
- thick bones

Answer 18

neanderthals

Question 19

where did homosapiens originate

Answer 19

africa

Question 20

do humans have big or little genetic variances compared to other mammals? and why

Answer 20

little genetic variance since humans left africa very recently and there are little changes in genetic differences

Question 21

where did racial differences evolve from?

Answer 21

natural selection

Question 22

genetic variation that separates groups

Answer 22

races