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BIOL 108 > Topic 16 > Flashcards

Topic 16 Flashcards

1
Q

____ are the dominant primary producers in terrestrial ecosystems

A

Gymnosperms

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2
Q

____ consist of an embryo and nutrients surrounding in a protective coat

A

Seeds

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3
Q

Shared derived traits of seed plants

A

Reduced gametophytes
Heterospory
Ovules
Pollen
Seeds

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4
Q

Do seed plants have independant or dependant gametphyte compared to bryopytes

A

Dependant gametophyte

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5
Q

What does reduced gametophyte cause in plants

A

A reduction in size and independance sompared to the spropophyte.

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6
Q

All seed plants are _____

A

Heterosporous

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7
Q

_______ produce _____ that produce male gametophytes

A

Microsporangia
Microspores

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8
Q

_____ produce _____ which pgive rise to female gametophytes by meiosis

A

Megasporngia
Megaspores

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9
Q

Where are spores located in a seed plant

A

They are retained in the sporophyte and not dispersed in seed plants

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10
Q

What does an ovule consist of?

A

Megasporium (2n), megaspore (1n) and one or more protective integuments (2n)

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11
Q

Gymnosperms have ____ integument,
Angiosperms usually have ____ integument

A

One
Two

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12
Q

Ovules develop into seeds after ___

A

Fertilization

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13
Q

A megaspore is enclosed in a protective ____

A

Integument

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14
Q

Are megaspores dispersed? And why?

A

No because they are retained in protective integument tissue

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15
Q

____ develop into male gametophytes within ____ _____

A

Microspores,
Pollen grains

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16
Q

Does pollen grain = male gametophyte?

A

No because pollen grains carries the male gametophyte

17
Q

Microsporangium (2n) produce microspores (1n) by what process?

A

Meiosis

18
Q

Microspores undergo ___ to produce tiny male gametophytes

A

Mitosis

19
Q

what do pollen grains contain in seed plants?

A
  • male gametophyte
  • generative cell
  • tube cell
20
Q

What happens to the generativecell and the tube cell after polllination?

A

These structures become the sperm nuclei and a pollen tube

21
Q

Are microspores dispersed?

A

No, they develop into pollen grains

22
Q

What does a seed contain generation wise?

A

The next generation sporophyte. The outer shell contains the previous generation

23
Q

What does pollination help transport

A

Helps transport pollen to the ovule for fertilization

24
Q

Do seedless plants require water for fertilization?

A

Yes

25
Q

What happens when the pollen grain germinates?

A

Give rise to a pollen tube that discharge sperm nuclei (without flagella) into the female gametophyte in the ovule

26
Q

Seeds are the dispersal stage for seedless plants, true or false?

A

False, this statement only applies to seed plants

27
Q

Are seeds in seed plants more advantageous than spores

A

Yes, seeds are larger in size compared to spores

28
Q

Two clades of seed plants

A

Gymnosperms (naked seeds) and angiosperms

29
Q

List the four phyla of gynosperms, are they monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

Cycadophta, gingkophyta, gnetophyta, coniferophyta

Monophyletic

30
Q

Traits of phylum cycadophyta

A
  • used to be diverse and demoninant (in mesozoic period) but are now small populations in the tropics and many species are endangered
  • grow very slowly
  • have larger palm-like leaves and short unbranched stems
  • have flagellated sperm (like ginkos)
31
Q

Traits about phylum ginkophyta

A
  • only one species
  • have bi-lobed leaves (heart shaped)
    Have male and female sporophyte that are wind pollinated
  • flagellated sperm
  • no wild populations
32
Q

Traits about phylum gnetophyta

A
  • have three genera
  • porphologically diverse are are adapted to many environments
33
Q

Traits of phylum coniferophyta

A
  • many are evergreens
  • don’t drop leaves in autumn, some do (deciduous)
  • adapted to cold , dry habitats
  • have thick cuticles, reduced leaf surface area
  • xylem tissues have resistance to collapsing
34
Q

What are the three key features of gynosperm life cycles

A
  • dominant sporophyte generation
  • develop seed from fertilized ovules
  • transfer male gametophytes by pollen
    (They are seed plants)

BIOL 108 (27 decks)

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