TRH's female repro phys; 3.31

Question 1

Where are granulosa cells?

Answer 1

Around follicle…and antrum later on

Question 2

What kind of receptor do granulosa cells have?

Answer 2

FSH receptor

Question 3

What do granulosa cells produce?

Answer 3

Inhibin

Estrogen (estrone and estradiol-17β)

Question 4

What is the downstream effect of inhibin?

Answer 4

Inhibits FSH secretion

Question 5

What enzyme in granulosa cells form estrogen hormones?

Answer 5

CYP19 (aromatase)
Androstenedione → estrone (weak estrogen)
Testosterone → estradiol-17β (potent estrogen)

Question 6

What is the downstream effect of estrogen on the HPO axis?

Answer 6

At low concentrations → suppresses secretion of FSH/LH

At high concentrations → stimulates secretion of FSH/LH

Question 7

Where are theca cells?

Answer 7

Around granulosa cells

Question 8

What kind of receptors do theca cells have?

Answer 8

LH receptors

LDL receptors

Question 9

What do theca cells produce?

Answer 9

Androstenedione and some testosterone (goes to granulosa cells or vasculature)

Question 10

What hypothalamic hormone stimulates secretion of FSH and LH?

Answer 10

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Question 11

What hypothalamic nucleus produces GnRH?

Answer 11

The arcuate nucleus produces GnRH

Question 12

What kind of receptor does GnRH bind to?

Answer 12

Gq

Question 13

hCG is released from where after fertilization of an egg?

Answer 13

Placenta

Question 14

What is the effect of hCG?

Answer 14

hCG “rescues” the corpus luteum → keeps progesterone and estrogen levels high to maintain pregnancy

Question 15

What else does the placenta do during pregnancy?

Answer 15

Takes over steroidogenesis and pregnancy maintenance

Question 16

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of the corpus luteum dying?

Answer 16

Corpus luteum dying → decreased estrogen and progesterone

Question 17

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of decreased estrogen and progesterone?

Answer 17

Decreased estrogen and progesterone → increased FSH/LH

decreased feedback inhibition

Question 18

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of increased FSH/LH?

Answer 18

Increased FSH/LH → gradually increased estrogen and growing/maturing follicles

(increases synthesis in granulosa cells)

Question 19

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of the gradual increase in estrogen?

Answer 19

Gradually increased estrogen → decreased FSH

feedback inhibition

Question 20

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of decreased FSH?

Answer 20

Decreased FSH → selection of largest/most FSH sensitive follicle

Question 21

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of selecting a single dominant follicle?

Answer 21

Single large follicle → produces HIGH levels of estrogen

Question 22

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of HIGH levels of estrogen?

Answer 22

HIGH levels of estrogen → stimulate secretion of FSH/LH

Inhibin is still inhibiting FSH secretion…so only LH is dramatically increased

Question 23

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of the LH surge?

Answer 23

LH surge → meiotic maturation, ovulation, and luteinization

Question 24

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of luteinization?

Answer 24

Luteinization → corpus luteum → HIGH levels of progesterone with some estrogen and inhibin

Question 25

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of HIGH levels of progesterone with some estrogen and inhibin?

Answer 25

HIGH levels of progesterone with some estrogen and inhibin → decreased FSH/LH

Question 26

This is in regards to the menstrual cycle. What is the effect of decreased LH?

Answer 26

Decreased LH → corpus luteum dies

Question 27

What can "rescue" the corpus luteum? (already on a card...but it fit here too)

Answer 27

hCG causes an increase in LH-like activity

Question 28

What important hormonal shift induces parturition?

Answer 28

P > E → E > P

Question 29

What effect does progesterone have on myometrial cells?

Answer 29

Hyperpolarization of myometrial cells → prevents contractions

Question 30

What effect does progesterone have on adrenergic, oxytocin, and estrogen receptors?

Answer 30

Decreases/inhibits synthesis

Question 31

What effect does progesterone have on prostaglandin?

Answer 31

Promotes storage of prostaglandin synthesizing enzymes

Question 32

What effect does estrogen have on oxytocin receptors?

Answer 32

Estrogen increases oxytocin receptors

Question 33

What effect does estrogen have on the uterus?

Answer 33

Estrogen promotes uterine contractility

Question 34

What does estrogen do to the cervix?

Answer 34

Estrogen ripens the cervix

Question 35

What effect does estrogen have on prostaglandin?

Answer 35

Increases local release → myometrial contractions

Question 36

Which prostaglandins play major roles in reproduction?

Answer 36

PGF(2) and PHE

Question 37

What effect do prostaglandins have on the antral (Graafian) follicle?

Answer 37

Involved in the rupture (release of the oocyte)

Question 38

What role do prostaglandins play in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 38

Myometrial contraction during menstruation

Question 39

What role do prostaglandins play in pregnancy/parturition?

Answer 39

Cause contactions (Braxton Hicks during pregnancy an strong uterine during parturition)

Question 40

What develops during mammogenesis (breast development during puberty)

Answer 40

Epithelial ductal tree

Question 41

What hormones are required for mammogenesis?

Answer 41

Estrogen, glucocorticoids, and GH (somatotropin)

Question 42

When does lactogenesis I occur?

Answer 42

Mid/late pregnancy

Question 43

What happens during lactogenesis I?

Answer 43

Lobular-alveolar growth

Question 44

What hormones induce lactogenesis I?

Answer 44

Estrogen, glucocorticoids, prolactin, progesterone, and hPL

Question 45

When does lactogenesis II occur?

Answer 45

Post-partum

Question 46

What happens during lactogenesis II?

Answer 46

Onset of copious milk secretion

Question 47

What induces lactogenesis II?

Answer 47

Decreased progesterone (parturition of the placenta)

Question 48

What is galactopoiesis?

Answer 48

Maintenance of lactation Presence of prolactin and removal of milk

Question 49

What induces milk ejection (let-down)?

Answer 49

Oxytocin, anticipation, and suckling

Question 50

What is involution?

Answer 50

Lack of prolactin