u18 Flashcards by Ang R

as radio waves travels away from its source, what happens to the signal, wavelength and amplitude

weaker
smaller amplitude
same wave length

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LF/MF frequency
- range
- what nav aid uses these frequencies
- _______ to _______ and ________ to ______ KHz

30 to 3000 KHz
NDB
190-415 and 510-535 KHz

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HF frequency
- range
- location
- how does ionosphere determine which frequency you use

3000 to 30 000 KHz
crossing ocean and high north
sun up, frequency up (above 5000)
sun down, frequency down (below 5000)

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VHF frequency
- range
- 108.10 to 111.95 MHz is used for what
- 112.00 to 117.95 MHz is used for what
- 118.00 to 137.00 MHz is used for what

30 to 300 MHz
ILS
VOR
comms

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UHF frequency
- range
- used for what
- used by who

300 to 3000 MHz
DME
military

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what is the skip zone for sky waves

planes can get reception from sky waves before it hits the ionosphere
once it hits the ionosphere and bounces back to the earth, plane can’t get good receiption (skip zone)

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at night time, does the sky wave reception distance increase or decrease and why

increase reception distance
night = higher ionosphere = larger range = farther reception distance

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do higher or lower frequencies have a farther reception distance of ground waves

lower frequencies have farther ground wave reception distance

high frequency = hits ground more = more attenuation = smaller range

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why are LF/MF better ground waves than VHF

LF/MF = lower frequency = less attenuation = better ground waves

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which one does NOT experience precipitation static - LF/MF or VHF

VHF

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what is the equation for plane line of sight (NM) to VHF

line of sight (NM) = 1.25 x root (AGL)

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how does HF single side band work
- why does it transmit a stronger signal as a single side band
- how does it affect spectrum space

only one side band of the frequency is transmitted
more power into 1 side band instead of 2 = stronger signal
only 1 side band used so it conserves spectrum space

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ELT broadcasts a distress signal when it senses

sudden deceleration

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what frequencies does ELT emit on?

121.5, 243, 406 MHz

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what does the 406 ELT transmit on 406 MHz along with the siren

coded identification

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406 ELT sends your information to who following its activation

joint rescue coordination centre (JRCC)

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when can you test an old ELT and for how long

first 5 mins of UTC hour for 5 sec

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an ELT is required when flying farther than ____ from base

25 NM

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if you’re in a crash and turn on your elt, where can you put it to boost the signal

up high and attached to metal

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how often must a pilot do the operational test for an ELT

1yr

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how often must a technician do a performance test for an ELT

2yr

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how much power does a L(ow) NDB have

less than 50 watts

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how much power does a M(edium) NDB have

50-2000 watts

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how much power does a H(igh) NDB have

50-2000 watts

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NDB range specific KHz

190-415 and 510-535 KHz

how does the night effect affect NDB reception / ADF pointing what can you do to minimize night effect

height of the ionosphere changes dramatically within 1hr to sunrise and sunset, which can cause the ADF pointer to fluctuate when you are very far from the station fly at higher altitude, use lower frequency

how do mountains affect NDB reception / ADF pointing

mountains reflect radio waves magnetic deposits can mess with pointer

how do shorelines affect NDB reception / ADF pointing at what angle should you approach the shoreline when flying over water to the NDB to minimize this effect

shorelines can bend LF radio waves when passing from land to water don’t use NDB signal if your angle to the shoreline is less than 30º

how do electrical storms affect NDB reception / ADF pointing

ADF pointer will point to lightning

how does precipitation static affect NDB reception / ADF pointing what can the pilot do to reduce precipitation static

heavy rain and snow causes static on the plane so ADF doesn’t know where to point since theres static every where reduce airspeed

how does bank angle affect NDB reception / ADF pointing

when in a bank, the antenna isn’t parallel to incoming signal anymore = error

if homing to a NDB station (adf pointer) and there’s a strong cross wind, how will this affect your track

you’ll fly a curved route

does NDB have a shorter or farther range than VOR

farther range

what is the frequency for VOR

112 to 117.95 MHz

is VHF affected by precipitation static or other weather interference

the farther you are from the station, the _______ the area of ambiguity

wider

when testing a VOR, spin the obs to 180. the CDI must centre +/- ____º with a ____ flag

4º TO think cessna 182

when testing a VOR, spin the obs to 360. the CDI must centre +/- ____º with a ____ flag

4º from

when testing your VOR at the airport test sign checkpoint, the VOR must be within +/- ____º and the DME must be within _____ NM

4º 0.5NM

when testing your VOR by flying over a town with a VOR published radial on the map, your VOR must be within +/- ____º

6º

the RMI can used a slaved or free gyro system, what does this mean? and when the gyro is slaved, what is the heading indicator connected to

slaved = HI connected to compass via flux valve free = HI manually reset by pilot

what does DME provide

slant distance to station (NM) and sometimes ground speed

DME operates in what frequency band

UHF

how does DME work

you send signal to DME station DME sends signal back we measure the time between sent and received signal to get distance

the closer to the station, the _________ the distance error using a DME

greater

slant distance errors for DME greatest when you are where (x2 places)

directly overhead station high altitudes

if flying a DME arc, what will the DME say your ground sped is and why

0 KT since you’re flying a perfect circle around the DME station, your distance isn’t getting closer/farther from the station

the GPS satellite group has _____ satellites that orbit around the earth _____ times per day

24 satellites x2 orbits per day

GPS position is based on measuring the _____ it takes for the signal to reach the receiver, then it calculates the ______ between satellites to get your position. this is called _________

time distance trilateralation

it takes _____ satellites to get a 3D image

each GPS satellite has ____ atomic clocks to ensure the timing is perfect

is GPS affected by weather

95% of the time, GPS is accurate _____m horizontal x ____m vertical

6m x 8m

WAAS - stands for - what does it do

wide area augmentation system ground stations send ionosphere correction to satellite so it’s more accurate when tracking you on your xc

LAAS - stands for - what’s it used for

local area augmentation system ground station at airport that gives an accurate, local ionosphere correction so when you’re on approach/ILS at that airport your distances are super accurate

what does it mean that a navigation system must have strong integrity

system will warn the pilot that something is wrong with it within seconds

RAIM - stands for - how does it work - how many satellites

receiver autonomous integrity monitoring compares scans of different combinations of satellites so you can easily tell if one satellite is broadcasting wrong data 5+ satellites

what is RAIM + Baroaiding - what does baroaiding do - how many satellites used

planes static system gives vertical reference to your position in space 4 satellites (less)

what is FDE - how many satellites - can it work with a faulty satellite

fault detection & exclusion 6 satellites still works with a faulty satellite

only a GPS with ___________ is approved for IFT flights because it has _________ integrity warnings if something goes wrong with the system

TSO C-129 RAIM

what is a VDF steer - what does it mean when ATC asks you to transmit for bearing

ATC uses planes radio signal to help them get un lost say your call sign slowly for 5 sec

does primary or secondary radar detect planes, weather, birds…

primary

secondary radar requires what in order to detect you

transponder

the CDI for RNAV shows _______ off track the CDI for VOR/ADF shows _______ off track

RNAV = distance off track VOR = degrees off track

the inertial navigation system (INS) has what 3 things to give you position, altitude, heading, ETA, speed, other information… how accurate is it accuracy decays by ______ NM per hour so must do position updates to ensure alignment throughout entire flight does it require ground stations to work (VOR, NDB, etc)

inertial platform + accelerometers + computer as accurate as your first initial programming decays 1-2 NM per hour no, it’s internal (plane itself) system

the flight management system (FMS) is like a multi sensor RNAV, it uses ______, ______ and ________ data from multiple sensors to make the best route does it require ground stations to work

navigation, atmosphere and fuel flow data yes

TACAN - who uses it - what frequency - what can civilians get from a TACAN

military UHF DME information only

how does a radar altimeter work when is it not accurate

radar on belly of plane broadcasts signal, bounces off ground, hits plane = distance AGL not accurate over water

what is the precision approach radar (PAR)

ATC has a horizontal and vertical screen to guide you for landing military only

when a pilot isn’t using the flight director system (arrows that tell you to follow this action), the pilot is using _______

raw data

the altitude warning system warns the pilot when there’s a _____ ft deviation

200 ft

the traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS) uses _______ data and voice prompts if there’s a change of collision what does it require

secondary radar transponder

what is dependent (procedural) surveillance

pilot self reports position

a transponder has a _____, ______ and _______ antenna on belly of plane

controller transmitter/reciever L-band antenna

mode A transponder gives you what information

position

mode C transponder gives you what information

position + pressure altitude

mode S transponder gives you what information

position, pressure altitude, extra data + unique signature

transponder code ______ for IFR below 18 000 ASL

1000

transponder code ______ for IFR at or above 18 000 ASL

2000

transponder code 1200 for what

VFR below 12 500

transponder code 1400 for what

VFR above 12 500 ASL

what kind of transponder is needed for traffic and collision avoidance system (TCAS) for airliners

mode S

how does ADS-B work what kind of transponder do you need does it need ground radar to know your position

satellite tells your plane position -> your plane sends information to ATC and nearby planes mode S no, you know your position from the satellites not a ground stations

Aireon is a satellite ADS-B organization and has ______ Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites

UAT - what does it stand for - what frequency - altitude it’s for - what information can it get

universal access transverse 978 MHz below 18 000 ASL weather and traffic

1090 ES - what does it stand for - what transponder must you have - what frequency - altitude - what information can it get

mode s extended squitter transponder 1090 MHz above 18 000 ASL traffic only - no weather

what equipment do you need for ADS-B?

1. WAAS GPS reciever (how you get your position) 2. mode S extended squitter transponder or mode C or S transponder with UAT

is ADS-B In or Out required for USA

ADS-B Out (so everyone knows your location)

does 1090ES ADS-B In or 978UAT ADS-B In get traffic AND weather information

978 UAT

the traffic information service (TIS-B) that the ground station gives to you will give you traffic within _____NM diameter and _______ ft high

300 NM 3000 ft

how many receiving units are required from Multilaterataion (MLAT) to get your horizontal position

u18 Flashcards

(92 cards)