U2: Biological Bases of Behavior (8-10%) Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
define CONSCIOUSNESS
A
brain’s processing of info and experience and processing of external world and self
2
Q
what things can alter consciousness
A
drugs, hypnosis, sleep, and injury
3
Q
define PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS
A
chemical substances altering perception and moods
4
Q
what are the symptoms of substance use disorder
A
- hazardous use
- diminished social function
- diminished control
- drug action
5
Q
list characteristics of diminished control in drug use
A
- cravings
- need more to get high
- can’t stop
- time consumed searching for drug
6
Q
list characteristics of diminished social function during drug use
A
- disrupt school and work
- disrupt home life
- isolation
- continue use despite social problems
7
Q
define hazardous use in in drug use
A
continue to take substance despite physical and psychological harm
8
Q
list characteristics of drug action in substance abuse
A
- need more to get high
- built up tolerance
- withdrawls
9
Q
define SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS (SUD)
A
disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant disruption and physical harm
10
Q
define TOLERANCE
A
diminished effect w/regular use of same dose and need large dose for same effect
11
Q
define WITHDRAWL
A
discomfort and distress following discontinuation of addicting drug/behavior
12
Q
what are the 3 theories relating to drugs
A
- neurological
- cognitive-behavior
- family systems
13
Q
describe the neurological theory of drug use
A
chemical imbalances lead to addiction
14
Q
describe the cognitive-behavior theory of drug use
A
negative thoughts and learned behaviors lead to addictive actions
15
Q
describe the family systems theory of drug use
A
unhealthy family rules and interactions lead to addiction to cope w/family dynamics
16
Q
what two parts of the brain are responsible for consciousness
A
frontal lobe and limbic system
17
Q
define DEPRESSANTS
A
substances that depress neural activity and slow body functions
18
Q
list types of depressants (general group names)
A
- barbiturates
- opiates
- alcohol
- benzodiazepines
19
Q
define BARBITURATES
A
depressant decreasing CNS and anxiety while impairing memory and judgement
20
Q
give an example of a barbiturate
A
tranquilizer
21
Q
give an example of opiates
A
heroin
22
Q
give an example of benzodiazepines
A
xanax
23
Q
define OPIATES
A
depressant that decreases neural activity, pain, and activity
24
Q
define BENZIODIAZEPINES
A
depressant that treats anxiety, insomnia, and seizures
25
define STIMULANTS
substances that increase neural activity and body functions
26
what effects does cocaine produce
increase alertness and euphoria
27
what effects do amphetamines produce
energy and mood changes
28
what effects does caffeine produce
euphoria and social intimacy
29
list examples of stimulants
- nicotine
- cocaine
- ecstasy
- caffeine
- amphetamines
30
define HALLUCINOGENS
psychedelic substances distorting perceptions and evoke sensory images w/o sensory input
31
give examples of hallucinogens
- LSD/acid
- marijuana
- spice
- shrooms
32
define SLEEP
periodic, natural loss of waking consciousness distinct from unconsciousness of coma, anesthesia, or hibernation
33
define CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
biological clock regulating bodily rhythms occuring on 24 hour cycle
34
define SLEEP CYCLES
brain makes different waves of activity depending on consciousness
35
what brain waves are exhibited when awak
waking alpha and beta
36
describe waking beta waves
brain waves when alert and focused; waves are short and bursting with activiy
37
describe waking alpha waves
brains when awake but relaxed and brain activity calms
38
describe NREM1 sleep
- light sleep
- theta waves
- easily woken
- may experience hypnagogic sensations
39
define SLEEP SPINDLES
bursts of brain activity during sleep
40
describe NREM 2 sleep
- sleep spindles
- theta waves slow
41
describe NREM 3 Sleep
- theta waves become delta waves
- deeper sleep
- experience parasomnias
42
what are the sleep brain waves
theta and delta waves
43
describe NREM4 sleep
- deepest sleep
- large delta waves
- difficult to wake
- release growth hormone
44
define HYPNAGOGIC SENSATIONS
bizarre experiences while transitioning to sleep of falling/floating
45
describe REM sleep
- final stage of sleep
- dreams
- eyes rapidly move and bodily paralyzes
- vitals and breathing similar to awake state
46
what does REM stand for
rapid eye movement
47
what regulates the circadian rhythm
hypothalamus
48
define SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS
cell clusters in hypothalamus controlling circadian rhythm via melatonin prduction/restriction in response to light
49
list the 4 sleep theories
- energy conservation
- restorative
- brain plasticity
- inactivity
50
describe the inactivity sleep theory
sleep for safety and protection
51
describe the restorative sleep theory
sleep promotes healing and immune function and growth
52
describe the brain plasticity theory
sleep promotes creativity and memory consolidation
53
describe the energy conservation sleep theory
sleep to save energy for when work is impractical
54
define SLEEP DEBT
build up of lack of sleep affecting physical and psychological health
55
how much of our lives is spent sleeping
1/3 lives
56
how many hours of sleep do people generally get if they sleep uninterrupted
9 hours
57
how many MVAs are caused by driving drowsy
1/6
58
describe the change in hunger hormones with lack of sleep
- ghrelin increases and leptin decreases
- cortisol increases and body stores fat leading to obesity
59
describe INSOMNIA
most common sleep disorder with recurring problems falling/staying asleep caused by stress regarding sleep
60
chronic insomnia leads to
depression and anxiety
61
what is physiologically activated in people who have insomnia at night
SNS
62
describe NARCOLEPSY
uncontrollable sleep attacks at inopportune times often triggered by emotions
63
what can happen if someone with narcolepsy falls into REM sleep
paralysis
64
t/f: narcolepsy has genetic root
true
65
describe SLEEP APNEA
temporary stopping of breathing in sleep causing them to snore/snort to get air in
66
describe NIGHT TERRORS
high arousal and terrified expressions in kids occurring in NREM3 sleep
67
what things can happen during night terrors
sleep walking, sleep talking, pulse twice as fast, breathing twice as fast
68
give examples of PARASOMNIAS
night terrors
- sleep walking
- sleep talking
69
aka: sleep walking
somnambulism
70
define DREAMS
sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through sleeping mind in REM sleep
71
how much do we dreams in our lives
about 6 years of life
72
list the dream theories
- wish fulfillment
- information processing
- threat stimulation
- activation synthesis
- carl Jung's theory of direct mental expression
73
describe WISH FULFILLMENT dream theory
Freudian ideology where unconscious uses symbolic meanings to manifest dreams
74
define MANIFEST CONTENT
symbolic and remembered storyline of dreams
75
define LATENT CONTENT
underlying meaning of dream
76
describe INFORMATION PROCESSING dream theory
dreams help combine and organize memories
77
according to the information processing theory, what happens if someone is deprived of REM sleep
extremely poor memory consolidation
78
describe the THREAT STIMULATION dream theory
dreams stimulate stressful/confusing/threatening situations to practice response
79
describe the ACTIVATION SYNTHESIS dream theory
unconscious part of brain active and conscious part tries to interpret it
80
describe CARL JUNG'S THEORY OF DIRECT MENTAL EXPRESSION
brain trying to express incongruencies in conscious and unconscious minds to anticipate future
81
list common themes regarding sleep
- 8 in 10 dreams have 1 negative emotion
- failing in attempt to do something
- being attacked/pursued/rejected
- experience misfortune
- sex dreams are less common than thought
82
what are the 3 types of altered state of consciousness
spontaneous, physiologically induced, psychologically induced
83
give examples of spontaneous consciousness
daydreaming, dreaming, drowsiness, sleep
84
list causes of physiologically induced consciousness
- hallucinations
- orgasms
- food/oxygen deprivation
- drugs
85
list causes of psychologically induced consciousness
- sensory deprivation
- hypnosis
- meditation
86
what are the theories of hypnosis
social phenomenon and divided consciousness
87
describe the SOCIAL PHENOMENON theory of hypnosis
hypnosis is socially influenced where the participant expected to act hypnotized and acts accordingly
88
describe the DIVIDED CONSCIOUSNESS theory of hypnosis
hypnosis splits participants' consciousness causing a dream like state
89
what were the two initial models of neuropsychology
locomotive and distributed
90
what is the locomotive model
specific region of brain has specific function
91
what is the distributed model
different regions of brain work together to produce specific function
92
define ANATOMICAL CONNECTIVITY
2 adjacent parts of brain communicating to each other
93
define FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY
parts of brain communicating and not adjacent to each other
94
define LESION
tissue diestruction causing disruption in brain function and communication
95
what are two ways the brain is studied
lesions and stimulation
96
define STIMULATION in relation to studying the brain
activate electrically/chemically/magnetically and see what happens
97
describe a POSITION EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) scan
detects where radioactive form of glucose goes when brain does a specific task
98
describe a CT scan
combines multiple angles to form 1 picture
99
define a MEG scan
uses a magnetic field to see electrical activity
100
define a MRI
single snapshot using magnetic fields and radiowaves
101
define NEURON
basic cell making up nervous system
102
define SOMA
cell body of neuron responsible for life of cell
103
define DENDRITES
branch like structures receiving messages from other neurons
104
define AXON
carries neural messages away from soma
105
define MYELIN
fatty substance insulating & protecting neuron and speeding up impulse
106
define NUCLEUS
central processing hub of neuron with genetic info
107
t/f: neurons have an all or nothing response
true
108
define REUPTAKE
sending neuron reabsorbs any neurotransmitter left in synapse
109
define GLIAL CELLS
support and grow neuron and get rid of waste
110
define NEUROTRANSMITTERS
chemical messengers crossing cleft that creates action potential of next neuron
111
acetylcholine aids in
muscle action, earning, memory
112
lack of acetylcholine is associated with
alzheimer's
113
dopamine aids in
movement, learning, attention, emotion
114
excess of dopamine causes
schizophrenia
115
lack of dopamine leads to
parkinson's
116
serotonin aids in
mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
117
too little serotonin leads to
depression
118
too little norepinephrine leads to
depressed mood
119
define GABA
major inhibitor linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia in too little amounts
120
endorphins are responsible for
perception of pain and pleasure
121
glutamate aids in
memory
122
too much glutamate leads to
migraines/seizures
123
define INTERNEURONS
connects sensory and motor neurons with other neurons within CNS
124
define MIRROR NEURON
brain cell that response the same to given action whether they are doing it or watching it
125
the brain stem is responsible for
balance, BP, swallowing, breathing, facial sensation, hearing, heart rhythm
126
list the parts of the brain stem
reticular formation, thalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
127
the pons is responsible for
facial movement, hearing, balance
128
the medulla oblongata is responsible for
regulate breathing/heart rhythm/swallowing/BP
129
injury to the brain stem is characterized by
- balance problems/dizziness
- inability to gag/cough
- insomnia/sleep disruption
- nausea/vomiting
- slurred speech
- stroke symptoms
- sudden difficulty swallowing/drinking/eating
130
define CEREBRAL CORTEX
complex interconnected neural cells covering both hemispheres acting as control and info processing center
131
s/s of frontal lobe injury
- declining intelligence
- memory loss
- personality changes
- change in decision making
- change in motor skills
132
what are the parts of the limbic system
hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
133
the cingulate gyrus is responsible for
pain, emotion, and conscious response to unwanted experiences
134
s/s temporal lobe injury
epilepsy, aphasia, personality change, poor memory, change in autonomic function
135
define DUAL PROCESSING
principle that info simultaneously processes on conscious and unconscious tracks
136
define PARALLEL PROCESSING
conscious processing many aspects simultaneously to process well-learned info and easy tasks
137
define SEQUENTIAL PROCESSING
consciously process one aspect at a time for new info and learning difficult tasks
138
define SPLIT BRAIN PHENOMENON
process info on opposite hemispheres
139
define BEHAVIOR GENETICS
study of relative power and limits of genetics and environmental influences on behavior
140
define HEREDITY
genetic transfer of characteristics
141
define ENVIRONMENT
all nongenetic influences including prenatal nutrition to people and things around you
142
define CHROMOSOMES
threadlike structures of DNA containing genes
143
define DNA
genetic info making up chromsomes
144
define GENES
biochemical units of heredity making up chromosomes
145
define GENOMES
complete instructions to make organism
146
define PHENOMES
manifested physical and behavioral traits of organism
147
define HERITABILITY
proportion of variation among individuals in group attributes to genes
148
define EPIGENETICS
study of environmental influences on gene expression w/o DNA change
149
define EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY
study of evolution of behavior and mind using principles of natural selection
