U3: Sensation & Perception (6-8%) Flashcards by Samantha Lee

define SENSATION

process of receiving and representing stimulus

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define SENSORY RECEPTORS

sensory nerve ending responding to stimuli

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define PERCEPTION

process of organizing and interpreting sensory info enabling us to recognize meaningful events/things

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define TRANSDUCTION

converting outside stimuli into neural activity

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define PERCEPTUAL SET

psychological factors determining perception

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what are the three types/factors of perceptual set

culture, context, motivation/emotion (?)

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define FIGURE-GROUND RELATIONSHIP

organize info objects/info that stand out from their surroundings

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define PROXIMITY

group nearby things together

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define CONTINUITY

smooth continuous patterns over discontinuous ones

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define CLOSURE

fill in gaps to create whole picture

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define BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING

sensory receptors lead to brain interpretation

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define TOP-DOWN PROCESSING

perceptions made by sensory input is from experience and expectations

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define WEBER’S LAW

smallest difference between 2 stimuli detectable 50% of time

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aka: weber’s law

just noticeable difference; difference threshold

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define ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD

lowest level of stimulation person can consciously detect 50% of time

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define SELECTIVE ATTENTION

focusing of conscious awareness on particular stimulus

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define INATTENTION BLINDNESS

fail to see objects when attention directed elsewhere

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define CHANGE-BLINDNESS

failing to notice changes in environment and is form of inattention blindness

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how many pieces of info is received and how much is taken in consciously

11 million taken in, 40 concscious

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define SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY

how and when detect faint stimulus amid background assuming no single absolute threshold but dependent on person’s perceptual set

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define SENSORY ADAPTATION

diminished sensitivity as consequence of constant stimulation

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describe the 2 cognition systems

fast system creates perceptions quickly effortlessly
slow system creating perceptions slowly w/time and effort

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define GESTALT THEORY

tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes

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define FIGURE-GROUND PERCEPTION

organization of info into objects/figures standing out from environment

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what are the 3 components of figure-ground perception

proximity, closure, and continuity

define DEPTH PERCPETION

ability to see thru objects in 3D image to judge distance

define PHI PHENOMENON

illusion of movement created when 2 or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

define BINOCULAR CUES

depth cue using both eyes

define RETINAL DISPARITY

binocular cue to perceive depth by comparing slightly different images from both eyes and brain computes image

define PERCEPTIAL CONSTANCY

objects constant even as illumination and retinal images change

what does it mean if there is greater retinal disparity

closer the object is

define COLOR AND BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY

same color despite brightness

define SHAPE AND SIZE CONSTANCY

same size/shape despite distance and orientation

define MONOCULAR CUES

depth cue w/either eye

give examples of monocular cues

interposition and linear perspective

define PERCEPTUAL ADAPTATION

ability to adjust changed sensory input including artificially displaced or inverted visual field

define LIGHT

energy w/wavelength and amplitude

define INTENSITY

amnt of energy light wave has influencing brightness

what determines intensity

amplitude (of wavelength)

define FREQUENCY

of complete waves passing certain point in certain period

what does frequency determine

color

what color does long wavelengths create

red

what color does short wavelengths create

blue

describe what light is doing if an apple is red (why does it produce the color red?)

it reflects every color EXCEPT red

define ACCOMODATION

lens change shape to funnel light to fovea

define RODS

receptors sensitive to black and white and movement

what activates rods

peripheral vision and low lighting

what activates cones

high lighting

define CONES

color receptors

where are cones most concentrated

fovea

define BLIND SPOT

the point the optic nerve leaves eye

list the path of vision

1. optic nerve 2. optic tract 3. lateral geniculate body 4. thalamus 5. visual cortex (occipital lobe) 6. perception

define THREE COLOR THEORY

the 3 color receptors (red, green, blue) that combine to produce any color

define OPPONENT-PROCESSING THEORY

combination of receptors turning off and on enable color vision

list the opponent colors of red, blue, and white

red --> green blue --> yellow white --> black

what is the range of audition in humans

20hz-20,000hz

purpose of the ROUND WINDOW?

allows for fluid in cochlea to be moved and move hair cells

list the path of hearing from pinna to auditory nerve

1. pinna 2. auditory canal 3. tympanic membrane 4. auditory ossicles 5. cochlea 6. round window 7. hair cells 8. auditory nerve

define PLACE THEORY

different pitches experienced by different hair cells in different locations on organ of corti

define FREQUENCY THEORY

pitch related to speed of vibration in basiliar membrane

what are the 2 theories of audition

place theory & frequency theory

what are the 2 theories of color

trichomatic & opponent-processing

list the path of hearing from auditory nerve to perception

8. auditory nerve 9. pons 10. thalamus 11. auditory cortex (temporal lobe) 12. perception

define SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS

hair loss bc of damage to hair cells

define CONDUCTION HEARING LOSS

hearing loss bc of damage to mechanical system that conducts sound to cochlea

path of taste

1. taste buds 2. cranial nerve 9 & 10 3. medulla 4. thalamus 5. cerebral cortex 6. gustatory cortex

where are taste buds housed

papillae

how many smells are humans able to recognize

10,000

how many olfactory receptors do humans have

40 million

what are the parts of the brain involved in olfaction

amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, neocortex

how is the amygdala and smells related

trigger emotions and 4Fs

how is the hippocampus and smell related

smell can trigger memory

how is the neocortex related to the sense of smell

has the olfactory complex

define SYNESTHESIA

signals of sensory organs passed in wrong cortex

define SOMESTHETIC SENSE

body sense consisting of skin, kinesthetic, and vestibular sense

what comprises skin sense

pain, touch, pressure, and temperature

name of receptors for pain?

nociceptors

name of receptors for touch?

mechanoreceptors

name of receptors for temperature?

thermoreceptors

define KINESTHETIC SENSE

sense of location of body parts in relation to ground and each others

define PROPRIOCEPTION

body's sense of motion and location in space

define VESTIBULAR SENSE

sensation of movement, balance, and body position

what are the 2 types of pain

visceral and somatic

define VISCERAL PAIN

pain and pressure in organs

define SOMATIC PAIN

pain in skin, joints, and muscles triggered by nociceptors

describe GATE CONTROL THEORY

spinal cord has neurological gate that blocks pain signals/allowing them to brain

how is the "gate" in the gate control theory opened and closed?

opened by small nerve fibers and closed by large fibers/info from brain

what is the path of touch (hint: mechanoreceptors)

1. mechanoreceptors 2. spinal cord 3. thalamus 4 parietal lobe 5. somatosensory cortex

what is the difference between kinesthetic sense, proprioception, and vestibular sense

- kinesthetic = awareness of body parts - proprioception = motion & location in space - vestibular = balance

U3: Sensation & Perception (6-8%) Flashcards

(89 cards)