U5: Cognitive (13-17%) Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
define ACHIEVEMENT TEST
A
test to assess what taker has learned
2
Q
define APTITUDE TESTS
A
test to predict future performance/capacity to learn
3
Q
define CONTENT VALIDITY
A
extent which test samples behavior being studied
4
Q
define DOWN SYNDROME
A
mild to severe intellectual disability & associated physical disorders because of extra 21st chromosome
5
Q
define EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
A
ability to perceive, understand, manage, & use emotions
6
Q
define FACTOR ANALYSIS
A
stats procedure to identify clusters of related items & different dimensions of performance leading to person’s score on test
7
Q
define GENERAL INTELLIGENCE
A
factor underlying mental abilities & measured by every task on intelligence test
8
Q
define INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
A
limited mental ability w/IQ score of less than 70 and difficulty adapting to life
9
Q
define INTELLIGENCE
A
mental quality of ability to learn, problem solve, & adapt based on knowledge
10
Q
define INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT
A
scores to relative performance either below or above average of 100 for age group
11
Q
what is the formula for IQ
A
(score/age) x 100
12
Q
define INTELLIGENCE TEST
A
test to assess mental aptitude and compare w/others numerically
13
Q
define MENTAL AGE
A
chronological age typically corresponding to level of performance
14
Q
define NORMAL CURVE
A
symmetrical bell-shaped curve where most data is near the mean
15
Q
define PREDICTIVE VALIDITY
A
success test predicts behavior designed to assess by computing correlation between scores and criterion behavior
16
Q
aka: criterion-related validity
A
predictive validity
17
Q
define RELIABILITY
A
how well test yields consistent results by consistency of scores on 2 halves of test/alternative forms of test/retesting
18
Q
define SAVANT SYNDROME
A
condition where person w/limited mental ability has exceptional, specifical skill
19
Q
define STANFORD-BINET
A
widely popular American revision of Binet’s intelligence test
20
Q
define STEREOTYPE THREAT
A
self-confirming concern someone will be evaluated based on negative stereotype
21
Q
define VALIDITY
A
extent test measures/predicts accurately
22
Q
define WAIS
A
most popular intelligence test w/verbal & nonverbal subtest
23
Q
what does WAIS stand for
A
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
24
Q
what is the gen value for standard deviation
A
15
25
describe spearman's general intelligence theory
there is 1 intelligence and g factor predicts ability & intelligence
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what is the con to spearman's intelligence theory
human abilities too diverse to narrow to g factor
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what are the cons to Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory
is it intelligence or talent?
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define Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory
there are 8 intelligences
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what are the 8 intelligences of Gardner's multiple intelligence
naturalist, linguistic, spatial, body-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal
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aka: sternberg's 3 intelligence theory
triarchic theory
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what are the three intelligences of sternberg's theory
analytical, creative, practical
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what is the pro of gardner's intelligence theory
demonstrates intelligence more than verbal and math
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define analytical intelligence relating to sternberg's theory
academic & problem solving, convergent thinking
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define creative intelligence relating to sternberg's theory
innovative & adaptable, divergent thinking
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define practical intelligence relating to sternberg's theory
everyday tasks poorly defined, "street smarts"
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what is the pro of sternberg's theory
it can be reliably measured
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what is the con of sternberg's theory
may share underlying g factor and require additional testing to predict success
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define CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
accumulated knowledge & skills
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define FLUID INTELLIGENCE
reason speedily & abstractly
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what is the pro of thurstone's theory
informative
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what is the con of thurstone's theory
tendency to cluster showing underlying g factor
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how many factors are in thurstone's theory
7
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what are the factors of thurstone's theory
word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, memory
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define EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
think about and use emotions to improve decision making and social situations
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what are some components/factors of anatomy that can lead to intelligence
- ample gray & white matter
- some lobes larger than other
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define SHARED ENVIRONMENT
environmental factors experienced by all relevant members of family
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define NONSHARED ENVIRONMENT
environmental factors not experienced by members of family
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define STANDARDIZED TESTING
uniform testing to get general idea of population
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define FLYNN EFFECT
increase in fluid and crystallized intelligence over generations
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define STEREOTYPE THREAT
self-confirming concern they will be evaluated based on negative stereotype
51
list the order of range of intelligence
- intellectual disability
- average intelligence
- genius
- AI
52
what are the types of intellectual demands
conceptual, social, & practical
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define conceptual skills in relation to intellectual demands
language, literacy, concepts/time
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define social skills in relation to intellectual demands
interpersonal skills, social responsibility, and follow basic rules
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define practical skills in relation to intellectual demands
daily personal care, occupational skills, travel, and healthcare
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list some examples of intellectual disability
autism, down syndrome, apert syndrome, FASD
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define PRODIGY
person of normal intelligence w/extraordinary talent
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define ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
any artificial system capable of human-like solving/intelligent response
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define MEMORY
learning over time thru encoding, storage, and retrieval
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define RECALL
retrieve info w/o external cues
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define RECOGNITION
measure of memory where person identifies items previously learned
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define RELEARNING
assess amount of time saved when relearning material
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what are the parts of the information processing model
encoding, storage, retrieval
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what are the components of the 3 stage processing model
sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory, working memory
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define WORKING MEMORY
short term memory pulling from both long and short term memory to deal w/present and facilitates memory as a whole
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define SENSORY MEMORY
immediate brief recording of senses
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describe how the 3 stage processing model work
external info is picked up by sensory memory, info moves to working memory, info is moved to shorted term, then long term
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describe the attention model
auditory info, visual info, and long term memory feed into central executive which then acts back on them
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define EXPLICIT MEMORY
facts & experiences memorized that can be declared
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aka: explicit memory
declarative memory
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aka: implicit memory
non-declarative memory
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define IMPLICT MEMORY
learned skills/classically conditioned associations
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define ICONIC MEMORY
momentary sensory visual memory
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define ECHOIC MEMORY
momentary auditory memory
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define EFFORTFUL PROCESSING
encoding needs attention and effort
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define AUTOMATIC PROCESSING
unconscious encoding of space, time, and frequency
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define MEMORY CONSOLIDATION
process of moving short-term to long term during sleep
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what are effortful processing methods
chunking, mnemonics, testing effect, spacing effect, hiearchy
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define CHUNKING
grouping of items to remember
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define MNEMONICS
memory aids
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define TESTING EFFECT
memory is enhanced after retrieving
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define HIEARCHY
broad concepts are subdivided into narrower facts
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define SPACING EFFECT
long term study is better than cramming
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define SHALLOW PROCESSING
encoding on basic levels based on appearance and structure
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define DEEP PROCESSING
encoding by meaning for best retention
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define SELF-REFERENCE
most ppl excel at personally relevant info memorizations
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what are the 2 types of prospective memory
event-based and time-based
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define EVENT-BASED MEMORY
remember to do actions when events happen
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define TIME-BASED MEMORY
remembrance triggered by time cues
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components of explicit memory?
semantic and episodic memory
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define SEMANTIC MEMORY
memories of gen knowledge/facts
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define EPISODIC MEMORY
personal experience and events
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what are the parts of the brain involved with explicit memroy
frontal lobe and hippocampus
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what part of the brain is responsible for semantic memory
left prefrontal cortex
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what is the "loading dock" for memory
hippocampus
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what part of the brain is responsible for episodic memory
right prefrontal cortex
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describe IMPLICIT MEMORY
unconscious memory that uses evolutionarily older parts of the brain
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what are the parts of the brain involved in implicit memory?
basal ganglia and cerebellum
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define AMYGDALA
component of limbic system involved in emotion, especially fear and anger
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define FLASHBULB MEMORY
clear, sustained memory of emotionally significant event
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define LONG TERM POTENTIATION
increase in neuron firing causing efficient neuron firing which enhances memory
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define ENCODING SPECIFICITY
cues and context of when memory first formed makes you more likely to remember when presented w/same cues
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define STATE-DEPENDENT LEARNING
memories formed in specific mood/state will be easier to remember when in same state
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define RETRIEVAL FAILURE
struggling to remember
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define SERIAL POSITION EFFECT
information at beginning and end will most likely to be remembered
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define PRIMACY EFFECT
most likely to remember info at the beginning
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define RECENCY EFFECT
most likely to remember info at end
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define FALSE POSITIVE
recognition error where we think we recognize something not in our memory
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aka: deja vu
false positive
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define MISINFORMATION EFFECT
tendency of misleading info given after incident to alter memory
111
list reasons for retrieval failure
- never encoded
- memory decays
- brain can't find it in memory
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what are the components of interference theory
proactive interference & retroactive interference
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define PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
old info interferes w/remembering new info
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define RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
new info interferes w/remembering old info
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define COGNITION
mental activity in brain when organizing and understanding info and communicating w/others
116
what are the components of cognition
thinking, memory, language, creativity, and problem solving
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define CONCEPT
mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
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define PROTOTYPE
mental image/best example of idea/category
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define CREATIVITY
ability to produce new and valuable ideas
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define MENTAL SYNTHESIS THEORY
multiple neuronal ensembles firing together to create new mental images/ideas/concepts
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define NEURONAL ENSEMBLE
connection of neurons that create mental concepts
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define DIVERGENT THINKING
one point leads to multiple possibilities
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define CONVERGENT THINKING
all processes lead to one solution
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define PROBLEM SOLVING
process of cognition occuring when goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways
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what are the different problem solving strategies
- trial and error
- heuristics
- algorithms
- insight
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define ALGORITHM
specific step-by-step procedure when followed leads to correct solution
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define HEURISTICS
educated guess based on prior experiences that narrow down possible solutions for a problem
128
define INSIGHT
sudden understanding be problem similar to one experienced before causing sudden solution
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list things that cause problems when problem solving
- functional fixedness
- fixation
- confirmation bias
- mental set
- overconfidence
- belief perseverance
- framing
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define FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS
thinking about objects only in typical function
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define FIXATION
inability to see problem from new perspective
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define CONFIRMATION BIAS
tendency to search for info supporting our bias/preconceptions and ignore contradictions
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define MENTAL SET
tendency to approach problem with specific method especially if it was successful in the past
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define OVERCONFIDENCE
tendency to be more confident than correct and overestimate accuracy of beliefs
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define BELIEF PERSEVERANCE
clinging to initial conceptions after bias formed was discredited
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define FRAMING
way issue is posed can significantly affect decisions
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define LANGUAGE
spoken/signed words and ways we combine to communicate meaning
138
list the four components of language
discreetness, grammar, productivity, and displacement
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define DISCREETNESS
individual sounds/words combined into ideas
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define PHONEMES
smallest distinctive sounds
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define MORPHEMES
smallest unit carrying meaning
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define GRAMMAR
system of rules on how to combine units
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define PRODUCITIVITY
ability to use language to create infinite messages
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define DISPLACEMENT
ability to talk about non-literal things
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give examples of subjects that fall under displacement
past, future, fiction, feelings
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define PARALLEL PROCESSING
brain pulls from many parts to make sense of world around you
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define LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM
language controls ways we think and interpret the world
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define LINGUISTIC INFLUENCE
language affects thought and world is relative to cultural language
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define BILINGUAL PROCESSING
think differently depending on the language they speak
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define BROCA'S AREA
part of brain helping control language expression
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define WERNICKE'S AREA
part of brain involved in language comprehension
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what parts of the brain facilitate language
broca's area, wernicke's area, prefrontal cortex
153
what is the purpose of the prefrontal cortex in relation to language
facilitate broca's and wernicke's area
