U6: Developmental (7-9%) Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
define DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
A
study of physical, mental, and behavioral changes from conception to death
2
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define ZYGOTE
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fertilized egg
3
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define EMBRYO
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fertilized egg from conception to 8 weeks
4
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define FETUS
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infant from 8 weeks to birth
5
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define TERATOGENS
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agent causing developmental abnormalities in fetus
6
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define FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS)
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characteristic side effects from maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
7
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define HABITUATION
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process of growing accustomed to situation/stimulus
8
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define MATURATION
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biological processes involved in becoming functional or fully developed
9
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define COGNITION
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all forms of knowing and awareness
10
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define SCHEMA
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- collection of basic knowledge of concept
- outlook/assumption individual has despite objective reality
11
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define ASSIMILATION
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- new info incorporated into existing schema
- adopting new practices
12
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define ACCOMMODATION
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adjustment/modification
13
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define SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
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1st stage of piaget’s theory of cognitive development from birth to 2 yrs
14
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define OBJECT PERMANENCE
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knowledge of continued existence of object even when not directly perceived
15
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define PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
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2nd stage of piaget’s theory of cognitive development (2 to 7 yrs)
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define CONSERVATION
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awareness physical quantities don’t change in amount when appearance is altered
17
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define EGOCENTRISM
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only perceive situation from own perspective
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define THEORY OF MIND
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understanding others have intentions/desires/beliefs/perceptions/emotions different from own and affects others
19
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define CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
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3rd stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory (7-12 yrs)
20
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define FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE
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last stage in Piaget’s cognitive development theory (+12 years)
21
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define AUTISM
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neurodevelopmental disorder w/impaired social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, narrow interests, and repetitive behavior
22
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define STRANGER ANXIETY
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distress and apprehension in young kids and strangers and normal part of cognitive development
23
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define ATTACHMENT
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emotional bond between baby and caregiver
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define CRITICAL PERIOD
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stage in life when organism is open to learning or emotional/socializing experiences
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define IMPRINTING
- babies follow first moving objects
- simple and highly effective learning process during learning
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define TEMPERAMENT
biologic basic foundation of personality
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define BASIC TRUST
one component of Erikson's 1st stage of development and is foundation for self-esteem and healthy relationships
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define SELF-CONCEPT
one's description and evaluation of oneself
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define GENDER
socially constructed roles/behaviors/activities/ attributes attributed to each sex
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define AGGRESSION
behavior w/intent to harm
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define X CHROMOSOME
female sex chromosome
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define Y CHROMOSOME
male sex chromosome
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define TESTOSTERONE
male sex hormone
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define ROLE
set of behaviors expected form individuals
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define GENDER ROLE
behavior, personality traits, and attitudes that define gender in particular culture
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define GENDER IDENTITY
person's psychological sense of self in relation to their gender
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define GENDER TYPING
expectations about people's behavior based on gender
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define SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
view learning is mainly from modeling, imitation, and other social interactions
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define PUBERTY
stage genital organs mature and secondary sex characteristics appear
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define PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
reproductive organs directly involved in reproduction
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define SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
sex characteristics not directly involved in reproduction
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define MENARCHE
first menstruation
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define IDENTITY
individual sense of self-defined by physical/psychological/interpersonal characteristics
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define SOCIAL IDENTITY
personal qualities claimed and displayed consistently to be considered part of stable self
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define INTIMACY
extreme emotional closeness
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define EMERGING ADULTHOOD
developmental stage between teen and young adult
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define CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
study w/different groups of ppl who don't share variable of interest but share other relevant variables
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define MENOPAUSE
stage women's reproductive capacity ceases
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define CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
intelligence measured by tests
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define LONGITUDINAL STUDY
study w/same individuals over long period fo time
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define FLUID INTELLIGENCE
set of mental processes used for novel tasks and acquisition of crystallized intelligence
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define SOCIAL CLOCK
norms governing ages particular life events happen
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define STAGE
clear and specific period of transition or growth
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define CONTINUOUS
no clear period of transition; gradual growth
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list the stages of prenatal development from conception to birth
1. conception
2. germinal
3. embryonic
4. fetus
5. neonatal
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the neonatal stage is characterized by reflexes such as
- rooting
- sucking
- startle
- grasping
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define HABITUATION
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
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define MATURATION
biological growth processes enabling changes in behavior relatively uninfluenced by experiences
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describe brain development in infancy
explosive growth and pruning
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describe motor development in infancy
increase in physical coordination (rolling/sitting/crawling/grasping)
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describe memory development in infancy
connections begin forming but hippocampus is not fully developed
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define FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME
physical and cognitive abnormalities characterized by disproportionate head shape, facial features, and learning & cognitive dysfunction
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define GERMLINE CELLS
sex cells
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define NEONATAL ABSTINENCE SYNDROME
severe withdrawal after birth
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define SCHEMA
concept/framework organizing and interpreting info
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define ASSIMILATION
interpreting new experiences into existing schema
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define ACCOMODATION
adapting current schema to incorporate new info
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list the stages of Piaget's theory
1. sensory motor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational
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What does Piaget's theory describe
cognitive development
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According to Piaget, infants to 2 yr olds are in this stage
sensory motor
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According to Piaget, 2 yr olds to 7 yr olds are in this stage
preoperational
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According to Piaget, 7 yr olds to 11 yr olds are in this stage
concrete operational
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According to Piaget, anyone 12 and older are in this stage
formal operational
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list characteristics of the sensory motor stage
- understand world thru senses and movement
- no object permanence
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list characteristics of the preoperational stage
- language
- conservation, egocentrism, theory of mind
- no logic
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define THEORY OF MIND
despite egocentrism kids can infer what others think/feel
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list characteristics of the concrete operational srtage
able to think logically but not abstractly
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list the characteristics of the formal operational stage
- think logically and abstractly
- higher moral reasoning
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What is Vygotsky's theory
kids learn via social interaction
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define SCAFFOLD
framework giving kids temporary support as they develop higher thinking
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define ATTACHMENT THEORY
emotional tie w/another person and distress upon separation
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when do kids develop stranger anxiety
8 months old
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define TEMPERAMENT
characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
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define CRITICAL PERIOD
optimal period when exposure to certain stimuli causing normal development
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define SECURE ATTACHMENT
comfortable and temporary distress when caregiver leaves and comfort upon return
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define INSECURE ATTACHMENT
anxious/ambivalent reaction to caregiver leaving
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what are the 4 types of parenting styles
authoritarian, permissive, negligent, authortative
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Who defined the four (at the time it was 3) parenting styles
Diana Baumrind
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What is Mary Ainsworth known for?
Attachment theory and the famous Strange Situation experiment
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Harlow and his _____
monkeys
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Gilligan is primarily known for her work countering ______, addressing differences between men and women
Kohlberg
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define GENDER
socially influenced man or woman based on biological and evolutionary factors
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define RELATIONAL AGRESSION
physical/verbal aggression to harm relationship/social standing
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t/f: physical aggression does not include verbal agression
false
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define ROLES
st of expectations about social position defining how those should behave
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define GENDER ROLES
set of expected behaviors/attitudes/traits for males and females
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define GENDER IDENTITY
personal and social sense of male/female
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define SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
learn social behavior by observing and imitating through reward and punishment
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define GENDER HYPING
acquisition of traditional female role
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Who created the ecological theory
Brofenbrenner
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list the systems in Brofenbrennar's ecosystem
1. person
2. microsystem
3. mesosytem
4. exosystem
5. macrosystem
6. chronosystem
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The Limbic system is responsible for
emotions, rewards, memory consolidation, 4 F's and lower unconscious thinking
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The Frontal lobe is responsible for
working memory, language, creativity, problem solving, abstract reasoning
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Who is in someone's microsystem
family, school, peers, work, religion
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Who is in someone's mesosystem
microsystem and neighborhood
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Who is in someone's exosystem
economy, government, religion
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define SOCIAL IDENTITY
"we" aspect of our self-concept, the "who am I" in relation to ppl around youd
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define PUBERTY
dramatic physical change during adolescence of rapid sexual maturation
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at what age do girls typically start their periods
10 yrs
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at what age do boys typically start their period the day after
12 yrs
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define PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
external and internal genitalia
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define INTERSEX
unusual combos of X & Y chgromosomes, hormones, and anatomy
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listREASONS FOR SEX
- impulsivity
- alcohol and drugs
- media
- lack of education
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emerging adulthood is from what age range
20-30 yrs
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middle adulthood is from what age range
31-65 yrs
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late adulthood is from what age range
when does fertility dramatically decrease in women
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what is the telomere theory
telomeres shorten and fray and become unusable
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define NEUROPLASTICITY
ability of brain to continue to grow, learn, and make new neural connections
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define NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS
acquired disorders of deficits by of Alzeheimer's brain injury, disease, substance abuse
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what are the 3 major issues of developmental psychology?
- nature v nurture
- continuity v stages
- stability v change
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Which of Erikson's stages are infants-1 yr olds
trust v mistrust
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which of erikson's stages are 1 to 3 yr olds
autonomy v shame and doubt
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which of erikson's stages are 3 to 5 yr olds
initiative v guilt
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which of erikson's stage are 5 to 12 yr olds
industry v inferiority
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which of erikson's stage are 13 yr olds to early twenties
identity v role confusion
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which of erikson's stage are twenty to thirty year olds
intimacy v isolation
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which of erikson's stage are forty to fifty year olds
generativity v stagnation
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which of erikson's stages are people who are in their sixties and older
ego integrity v despair
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kohlberg's theory describes
moral development
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What is most notable about Lorenz and developmental psychology
Lorenz contributed to attachment by realizing there is a specific period where baby needs to attach to mom
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describe ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
brain decays/build up of neural junk causing total cognitive decline
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define SOCIAL CLOCK
culturally preferred timing of social events
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the SLIDE AND DECIDE PHENOMENON relates to
relationships
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If someone has explored potential identities and committed to an identity, what is it called
identity achievement
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If someone has not committed to an identity but explored different identities, then they have
identity moritorium
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If someone has committed to an identity but have not explored different identities. then they have
identity foreclosure
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if someone has not committed to an identity and have not explored other identities, then they have
identity diffusion
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what are the levels of kohlberg's moral development theory
- preconventional
- conventional
- post-conventional
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what is the order of the substages in Kohlberg's theory
1. obedience and punishment
2. self-interest
3. conformity
4. social order
5. social contract
6. universal ethical principles
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what is the age range for the preconventional stage
infant to 9 years
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what is the age range for conventional stage
10 yrs to 13 years
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what is the age range for post conventional stage
+14 years
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describe the conformity substage of kohlberg's theory
consequences based on personal relationships and desires the approval of others
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describe social contract substage of kohlberg's theory
laws are social contracts and not rigid; democracy; greatest good for most people; do certain rules apply all the time for everyone?
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describe the universal ethical principles substage of kohlberg's theory?
compassion and empathy, understand all sides, laws only valid if just, seek mercy
