Vocab Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
define EMPIRICISM
A
idea knowledge originates in experience & science should rely on observation & experimentations
2
Q
define STRUCTURALISM
A
early school of thought promoted by Wundt & Titchener using introspection to reveal structure of mind
3
Q
define FUNCTIONALISM
A
early school of thought promoted by James & influenced by Darwin, exploring mental & behavioral processes’ function enabling adaptation, survival, & flourishment
4
Q
define EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
A
study of behavior & thinking using experimental method
5
Q
define BEHAVIORISM
A
view that behaviors should be studied w/o consideration of mental processes & that any behavior can be conditioned; psychology should be objective
6
Q
define HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
A
historically significant perspective emphasizing potential growth of healthy people
7
Q
define COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
A
interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked w/cognition (& perception, thinking, memory, & language)
8
Q
define PSYCHOLOGY
A
science of behavior & mental processes
9
Q
define NATURE-NURTURE ISSUE
A
longstanding controversy over relative contributions genes & experiences make to development of psychological traits & behaviors
10
Q
define NATURAL SELECTION
A
principle that among range of inherited trait variations, those reproducing & survive will most likely pass trait to next generation
11
Q
define LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
A
differing complementary views of biological, psychological, & social-cultural to analyze any phenomenon
12
Q
define BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
A
integrated approach (& perspective) incorporating biological, psychological, & social-cultural levels of analysis
13
Q
define BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY
A
perspective & study of observable behavior & its explanation by principles of learning
14
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define BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
A
perspective & study of links between biological & psychological processes
15
Q
define COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
A
perspective & study all mental activities associated w/thinking, knowing, remembering, & communicating
16
Q
define EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY
A
perspective & study of evolution of behavior & mind using principles of natural selection
17
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define PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOLOGY
A
perspective & study of how unconscious drives & conflicts to influence behaviors; uses info to treat people w/psychological disorders
18
Q
define SOCIAL-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
A
perspective & study how situations & cultures affect our behavior & thinking
19
Q
define PSYCHOMETRICS
A
study of measurement of human abilities, attitudes, & traits
20
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define BASIC RESEARCH
A
pure science aiming to increase scientific knowledge base
21
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define DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
A
studies physical, cognitive, & social change throughout life span
22
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define EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
A
how psychological processes affect & enhance teaching/learning
23
Q
define PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY
A
study of individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling & acting
24
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define SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
A
study of how we think about, influence & relate to one another
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define APPLIED RESEARCH
scientific study aiming to solve practical problems
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define INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL (I/O) PSYCHOLOGY
application of psychological concepts & methods to optimize human behavior @ work
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define HUMAN FACTORS PSYCHOLOGY
I/O psychology subfield exploring how ppl & machines interact & how machines & physical environments can be made safe & easy to use
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define COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY
assists people w/problems in living & achieving greater well-being
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define CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
studies, assiesses, & treats ppl w/psychological disorders
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define PSYCHIATRY
medicine dealing w/psychological disorders & provides medical treatments & therapy
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define POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
study of human function w/goals of discovering & promoting stresgnths & virtues that help individuals & communities thrive
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define COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY
studies how people interact w/social environment & how social institutes affect individuals & groups
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define ARCHIVAL MEASURES
data obtained from existing records & storage
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define CASE STUDY
descriptive technique which 1 indiv/group studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles
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define CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
factor other than independent variable that might produce effect in environment
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define CONTROL GROUP
group not exposed to treatment to contrast experimental group & compare to evaluate effect of treatment
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define CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
non-experimental research measuring 2 variables & understand the statistical relationship between them
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define CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
statistical index of relationship between 2 variables from (-1 to +1)
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define COUNTERBALANCING
technique to deal w/order effects when using repeated measures design
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define DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
cues that might indicate research objectives to participants
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define DEPENDENT VARIABLES
outcome factor; the variable that may change due to manipulation of independent variable
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define DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
numerical data to measure & describe characteristics of groups including measures of central tendency & variation
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define DOUBLE-BLIND PROCEDURE
experiment in which both research participants & research staff are ignorant about whether participants received treatment or placebo
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define EXPERIMENT
research method where investigator manipulates 1 or more factors to observe effects on some behavior/mental process
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define EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
group exposed to treatment, that is, to 1 version of independent variable
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define experimenter expectancy effects
how perceived expectations of observer can influence ppl being observed; aka observer expectancy effect
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define EXTERNAL VALIDITY
how well outcome of research study can be expected to apply to other settings
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define HYPOTHESIS
testable prediction often implied by theory
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define INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
experimental factor that is manipulated whose effect is being studied
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define INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
numerical data allowing one to generalize/infer sample data of probability of something true in population
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define INFORMED CONSENT
ethical principle that research participants be told enough to choose whether they wish to participate
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define INTERNAL VALIDITY
extent observed results represent truth in population
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define MEAN
mathematical average of distribution from adding scores then dividing by number of scores
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define MEDIAN
middle score where half the scores are above & half are below
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define META-ANALYSIS
procedure for statistically combining results of many different research studies
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define MODE
most frequently occurring score
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define NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations w/o trying to manipulate/control situation
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define NEGATIVE CORRELATION
2 variables move in opposite size & direction from each other
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define OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
carefully worded statement about procedures used in study
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define PLACEBO
experimental results from expectations that participants received treatment when they did not
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define PLACEBO EFFECT
effect on behavior from placebo
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define POPULATION
all those in group being studied from which samples may be drawn (except for national studies)
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define POSITIVE CORRELATION
2 variables move in same direction
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define RANDOM ASSIGNMENT
assigning participants to experimental & control groups by chance minimizing preexisting differences between different groups
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define RANGE
difference between highest & lowest scores in distribution
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define REPLICATION
repeating essences of study w/diff people in dif. situations to see whether basic findings extends to other participants & circumstances
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define REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
group closely matching characteristics of population as whole
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define SAMPLE
subset of population used in experiment
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define SCATTERPLOT
graphed cluster of dots representing values of 2 variables & slope suggests direction of relationship & amnt of scatter suggests correlation
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define STANDARD DEVIATION
computed measure of how much scores vary around mean
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define STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
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define SURVEY RESEARCH
technique for ascertaining self-reported attitudes of behaviors of particular group gen by questioning representatitve random of group
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define THEORY
explanation using integrated set of principles that organizes observations & predicts behaviors/events
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define UNOBTRUSIVE MEASURES
method of data collection no involving direct contact w/participants
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define VARIABLE
condition in experiment
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define MOTIVATION
driving force that energizes/leads to behavior
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define INSTINCT
unlearned, innate complex behavior specific to a species
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define DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY
idea that physical needs causes drive to motivate satisfaction of needs
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define HOMEOSTASIS
balanced internal state/check & balance of body chemistry to maintain balanced state
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define INCENTIVE
positive/megative consequence motivating behavior
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define HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Maslow's theory that physical needs must be met before all other needs, most basic needs must be met before reaching self-actualization
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define GLUCOSE
sugar in blood/muscle tissue responsible for energy in body
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define SET POINT
point of ideal weight
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define BASAL METABOLIC RATE
rate of energy use by body when at rest
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define ANOREXIA NERVOSA
eating disorder characterized by starvation & being at least 15% underweight & most prevalent in adolescent femal
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define BULIMIA NERVOSA
eating disorder characterized by binge-eating & purging/fasting
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define BINGE-EATING DISORDER
periods of binge-eating w/distress/disgust/guilt w/o purging
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define SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
4 stages of sex by Masters & Johnson (excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution)
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define REFRACTORY PERIOD
period of inactivity/rest after neuron firing or male orgasm
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define ESTROGENS
sex hormone responsible for female characteristics, ovulation, & sexual receptivity; most dominant in females
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define TESTOSTERONE
most important male sex hormone responsible for male sex characterisitics & developments
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define SEXUAL ORIENTATION
atttraction toward own/other/both sexes
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define EMOTION
response to stimuli composed of physical arousal, behavioral response, & conscious experience
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define JAMES-LANGE THEORY
one of the 4 theories of emotion stating physical arousal comes before awareness of emotion
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define CANNON-BARD THEORY
one of the 4 theories of emotion statying physical arousal & emotion happen simultaneously
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define TWO-FACTOR THEORY
one of the 4 theories of emotions stating arousal comes first & is consciously labeled an emotion
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define CATHARSIS
idea that releasing aggresseive urges releases them
98
define FEEL GOOD, DO GOOD PHENOMENON
tendency to be more helpful when in good mood
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define ADAPTATION-LEVEL PHENOMENON
tendency to form judgments relative to neutral baseline determined by previous experience
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define RELATIVE DEPRIVATION
perception we are worse off than people we compare ourselves with
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define BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE
utilizes behavioral, psychosocial, & biomedical concepts to prevent, diagnose, & treat psychosomatic shows
102
define STRESS
process we perceive & respond to events that are threatening/challenging
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define GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
body's adaptive response in 3 stages
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define TYPE A
generalization of people who are competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally-aggressive, and anger-prone
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define TYPE B
generalization for easygoing, relaxed people
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define PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
study of relationship between psychological, neural, & endocrime processes
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define LYMPHOCYTES
2 types of WBC (B & T)
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define ACHIEVEMENT TESTS
test to assess what taker has learned
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define APTITUDE TESTS
test to predict future performance/capacity to learn
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define CONTENT VALIDITY
extent which test samples behavior being studied
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define PERSONALITY
characteristics & behavior making up major traits/interests/drives/values/self-concept/abilities/emotional patterns/adaptability
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define FREE ASSOCIATION
technique where pt relaxes and says whatever comes to mind
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define PSYCHOANALYSIS
ideology centered on infantile sexuality, oedipus complex, instinct theory, pleasure & reality principle, id/ego/superego, defense mechanisms
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define UNNCONSCIOUS
reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts/wishes/feelings/memories & information processing we are not aware of
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define ID
reservoir of unconscious psyche energy striving to satisfy basic sexual & aggressive desires
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define EGO
largely conscious part of personality mediating id, superego, and reality
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define SUPEREGO
part of personality representing internalized ideals & gives standards for judgment & future aspirations
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define PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
childhood stages of development where id's pleasure seeking energies focus on erogenous zones
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define OEDIPUS COMPLEX
boy's sexual desire to mom and hatred for father
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define IDENTIFICATION
process kids incorporate parent's values into their superegos
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define FIXATION
lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at earlier psychosexual stage where conflict was unresolved
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define DEFENSE MECHANISM
ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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define REACTION FORMATION
defense mechanism where unacceptable/threatening impulses are consciously replaced with their opposite
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define PROJECTION
defense mechanism attributing impulse to others
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define DISPLACEMENT
defense mechanism transfering feelings/behavior from original subject to another person/thing
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define SUBLIMATION
defense mechanism where unacceptable drives channeled into socially acceptable drives
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define COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
idea of shared inherited reservoir of memories
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define PROJECTIVE TEST
personality test providing ambiguous stimuli to trigger projection inner dynamics
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define THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST
projective test where ppl express inner feelings & interests through stories of ambiguous scenes
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define RORSCACH TEST
inkblot test
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define TERROR MANAGEMENT THEORY
theory exploring emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of death
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define SELF-CONCEPT
all thoughts & feelings about ourselves answering "who am I?"
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define TRAIT
characterisitc pattern of behavior/disposition to feel and act
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define PERSONALITY INVENTORY
questionnaire where items gauge wide range of feelings & behaviors to assess personality traits
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define MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY (MMPI)
most widely researched & clinically used of all personality test
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define EMPIRICALLY DERIVED TEST
test developed by testing pool of items then selecting those that discriminate
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define PERSONAL CONTROL
perception one has ability/resources/opportunities to get positive outcomes through own actions
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define RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM
behavior, individual, and environment all influence each other
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define EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL
perception that chance/outside forces determine our fate
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define INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL
perception that we control our own fate
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define POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
study of human function w/goals of discovering & promoting strengths and viritues helping communities & individuals thrive
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define SELF
assumed to be center of personality & organizer of thoughts/feelings/actions
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define SELF-ESTEEM
feelings of self worth
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define SELF-SERVING BIAS
readiness to perceive oneself favorable
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define INDIVIDUALISM
giving priority to own goals over group & defining identity from personal attributes
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define COLLECTIVISM
giving priority to goals of group and defining identity accordingly
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define MEMORY
learning over time via encoding, storage, and retrieval
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define ENCODING
the processing of info to memory
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define STORAGE
process of retaining encoded info
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define RETRIEVAL
process of retrieving info from memory
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define SENSORY MEMORY
immediate brief recording of sensory info in memory
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define SHORT-TERM MEMORY
memory that only holds little info before being forgotten
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define LONG-TERM MEMORY
relatively permanent and limitless memory storage of knowledge, skills, and experience
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define WORKING MEMORY
newer short-term memory focusing on conscious, active processing of auditory and visual-spatial info and info from long-term memory
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define PARALLEL PROCESSING
process many aspects simultaneously and is brain's natural preferred method
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define AUTOMATIC PROCESSING
unconscious encoding of info of space, time, frequency, and word meaning
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define EFFORTFUL PROCESSING
encoding needs conscious effort
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define REHEARSAL
repetition of info to maintain memory
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define SPACING EFFECT
tendency for distributed study/practice to achieve better long-term retention than mass study
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define SERIAL POSITION EFFECT
tendency to recall first and last items best
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define VISUAL ENCODING
process visual stimuli converted into info able to be processed in memory
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define ACOUSTIC ENCODING
process auditory stimuli converted into info to be processed in memory
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define SEMANTIC ENCODING
cognitive encoding of new info focusing on meaningful aspects
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define IMAGERY
cognitive combination of sensory input from 5 senses creating mental image
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define MNEMONICS
memory aids
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define CHUNKING
organizing items into familiar units automatically
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define ICONIC MEMORY
momentary memory of visual stimuli lasting few-tenths of a second
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define ECHOIC MEMORY
momentary memory of auditory stimuli
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define LONG-TERM POTENTIATION (LTP)
increase in cell's firing potential after stimulation
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define FLASHBULB MEMORY
clear memory of emotionally significant event
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define AMNESIA
partial/complete temporary/permanent loss of memory
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define IMPLICIT MEMORY
memory independent of conscious recollection
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define EXPLICIT MEMORY
memory of facts and experiences that can be declared
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define HIPPOCAMPUS
neural center in limbic system helping process explicit memories for storage
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define RECALL
retrieving info w/o external prompts/cues
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define RECOGNITION
ability to identify items previously learned w/cues
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define RELEARNING
assessing amount of time saved when learning material again
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define PRIMING
activation of certain associations predisposing perception/memory/response
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define DEJA VU
eerie sense of "I've experienced this before" because cues unconsciously trigger retrieval
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define MOOD-CONGRUENT MEMORY
tendency to recall experiences congruent w/good or bad mood
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define PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new info
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define RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old info
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define REPRESSION
defense mechanism that banish conscious anxiety, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
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define MISINFORMATION EFFECT
incorporating misleading info into one's memory of event
185
define SOURCE AMNESIA
attributing to wrong source an event we experienced/heard or read about/imagined
