U7: Motivation, Emotion, & Personality (11-15%) Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
define the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
A
controls & engages body’s response to stimuli
2
Q
what are the 2 sub systems of the autonomic nervous system
A
sympathetic & parasympathetic
3
Q
what is the purpose of the sympathetic nervous system
A
respond & react
4
Q
what is the purpose of the parasympathetic nervous system
A
calms & relaxes
5
Q
List types of reaction that happen to the body when the sympathetic nervous system is active
A
- pupils expand
- no salivation
- sweat
- breathing & heart rate increase
- digestion decrease
- adrenal glands produce epinephrine
- immune system slows
6
Q
list types of reactions that happen to the body when the parasympathetic nervous system is active
A
- pupils contract
- salivation
- skin is dry
- breathing & heart rate decrease
- digestion increase
- adrenal glands produce norepinephrine
- immune system speeds up
7
Q
define HORMONES
A
chemical substances secreted into blood causing behavioral changes
8
Q
aka: epinephrine
A
adrenaline
9
Q
aka: norepinephrine
A
noradrenaline
10
Q
define EMOTION
A
whole body experience including physical arousal, behavioral response, and conscious appraisal
11
Q
what are the 4 theories of emotion
A
- James-Lange
- Two factor
- Cannon-Bard
- Zejonc-Ledoux
12
Q
describe James-Lange’s theory
A
physical arousal comes before emotion
13
Q
describe Cannon-Bard theory
A
physical arousal & emotion are independent from each other and happen simultaneously; arousal goes through the SNS & emotion is through the brain
14
Q
describe the two-factor theory
A
physical arousal comes first & is consciously labeled as emotion
15
Q
describe Zejonc-Ledoux’s theory
A
there are higher & lower roads of emotion where the higher road is for complex emotion needing conscious thought & the lower road is for basic emotions
16
Q
what is the path of the higher road in Zejonc-Ledoux’s theory?
A
senses –> thalamus –> prefrontal cortex –> parietal lobe –> amygdala –> body
17
Q
what is the path of the lower road in Zejonc-Ledoux’s theory?
A
senses –> thalamus –> amygdala –> body
18
Q
what are the five basic emotions
A
fear, anger, joy, disgust, sadness
19
Q
define STRESS
A
how we view & respond to threat/challenge
20
Q
define STRESSOR
A
thing causing stress
21
Q
what are the 3 types of stressors
A
catastrophe, significant life change, and daily hassle
22
Q
define STRESS APPRAISAL
A
consciously/unconsciously evaluating stressor to determine approach & attitude
23
Q
define CATASTROPHE
A
type of stressor; unpredictable large scale events
24
Q
define SIGNIFICANT LIFE CHANGE
A
type of stressor; transitions causing dramatic changes
25
define DAILY HASSLES
type of stressor; small things that build on each other
26
define CORTISOL
stress hormone
27
define GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME (GAS)
body adapts to stress in 3 phases
28
what are the 3 stages of GAS
alarm, resistance, & exhaustion
29
describe the 3 stages of GAS
- alarm: SNS activated, feel faint/shock, prep to fight or flight
- resistance: SNS active, body pulls resources from other places causing weakening
- exhaustion: tired/vulnerable to illness/collapse
30
define PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
how psychology, neurology, & immune interact & affect each other
31
define EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
observable sign of emotional state
32
list some gender differences when it comes to emotions
- women better @ interpreting emotions
- women experience more empathy
- women describe emotion in greater detail
- women emotion interpreted to be intrinsic while male emotions interpreted to be caused by situation
33
define EMPATHY
display more emotion when observing someone else's bc you identify w/others & view situation as they do
34
define UNIVERSAL HYPOTHESIS
emotional expressions are universal
35
define DISPLAY RULES
norms for control of emotional expressions
36
define INTENSIFICATION (display rule)
exaggerate emotions
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define DEINTENSIFICATION (display rules)
mute/dampen emotion
38
define MASKING (display rules)
fake emotion to cover for another
39
define NEUTRALIZING (display rules)
hiding emotion
40
define FACIAL-FEEDBACK EFFECT
emotional expressions cause emotion they signify
41
define BEHAVIOR FEED-BACK EFFECT
tendency of our behaviors to influence thoughts & feelings as well as others
42
define DRIVE
psychological tension & physical arousal arising from need that motivates us to action in order to fulfill need & reduce tension
43
define NEED
essential for survival
44
define HOMEOSTASIS
balance in physical & psychological experience
45
define INCENTIVE
positive/negative things in environment that compel us
46
define YERKES-DODSON'S LAW
optimum level of arousal linked to difficulty of task; too difficult/boring/simple leads to motivation decrease
47
How do hormones and external/internal stimuli influence sexual motivation?
- hormones: testosterone increases sex drive but also stems from arousal
- external stimuli: stimulate brain linked to feelings of arousal
- internal stimuli: increase motivation and shows strong link to more frequent orgasms
48
What evidence points to our human need to belong?
people who have been isolated, cut off from others, or given the silent treatment deeply feel the effects of lost connections to others leading to feelings of distress, depression, & low self-esteem
49
What are the components of emotion
physical arousal, behavioral response, & conscious appraisal
50
How do we communicate nonverbally, and how do these nonverbal communications influence our feelings?
we communicate nonverbally through body language and they can convey our emotions
51
How does stress make us more vulnerable to disease, and why are some of us more prone than others to disease?
stress lowers the immune system making people more vulnerable to disease. Those who experience chronic stress have decreased immunity compared to people with low stress. Some people are also less affected by stress due to tolerance/coping mechanisms
52
Who is William James?
contributor of James-Lange theory
53
Who is Alfred Kinsey?
first major sexologist in US establishing sex is important to psychology
54
Who is Abraham Maslow?
studied motivation & created hierarchy of needs & humanistic psychology
55
Who is Stanley Schachter?
co-founder of two factor theory learning connection between conscious & emotion
56
Who is Hans Selye?
created general adaptation syndrome
57
Who is Carl Lange?
co-founder of James Lange theory
58
Who is Walter Cannon?
developed Cannon-Bard theory
59
Who is Robert Zajonc?
co-founder of Zajonc-Ledoux theory
60
Who is Richard Lazarus?
defined 5 basic emotions
61
what are the theories of motivation
drive reduction, optimal arousal, self-determination, hierarchy of needs
62
describe drive-reduction theory
wants to decrease arousal by meeting basic needs to return homeostasis
63
what is the fault of the drive-reduction theory
doesn't explain why behavior increases arousal
64
define the optimal arousal theory
need for optimum arousal to be maintained
65
what is the fault of the optimal arousal theory
doesn't explain motivation for complex social issues
66
describe maslow's hierarchy of needs throy
lower needs must be met before social & personal growth
67
what is the fault of maslow's hierarchy
order not constant for all and doesn't address need for significant others and kids
68
what are physiological factors of hunger
- stomach contractions
- blood glucose levels
- neural arc w/appetite stimulating & suppressing hormones
- endocrine hormone
- basal metabolic rates
69
give examples of endocrine hormones related to hunger
leptin, insulin, orexin, PYY
70
give examples of socio-cultural factors of hunger
- taste preference
- unit bias/size
- food variety
- eating around others
- advertisements
- parties
- holidays
- religion
71
what effect does carbs/sweets have?
increase serotonin leading to a calming effect
72
what can obesity lead to
- diabetes
- highblood pressure
- arthritis
- heart disease
- gallstones
- cancer
- cognitive decline (women)
73
why is obesity considered attractive
sign of affluence and social status
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what effect does fat have on metabolic rate
decreases it
75
what factors lead to obesity
sleep loss, environmental world, social influence, genetics
76
what are the 4 phases of the sexual response cycle
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
77
what happens in the first stage of the sexual response cycle
- genitalia engorges with blood
- vagina expands & secretes
- breasts & nipples enlarge
78
what happens in the second stage of the sexual response cycle
- excitement peaks
- breathing, pulse, BP increase
- penis engorge & precum
- vaginal secretion increase
79
what happens in the third stage of the sexual response cycle
- muscle contractions
- breathing, pulse, BP increase
- position uterus to receive and retain sperm
80
what is the fourth stage of the sexual response cycle
- dissipate blood in genitalia
- relatively quickly if orgasm
81
what are factors for sexual motivation
- sexual maturity
- hormones
- instinct to reproduce
- family & peers
- social, religious, & personal values
- cultural expectations
- media
- sexual fantasies
- exposure to stimulating conditions
- wanting relationships
- peers
82
what are the levels of Maslow's hierarchy starting at the bottom
1. physical
2. safety
3. belonging & love
4. esteem
5. self-actualization
5.5/6. trascendental
83
how is hungered experienced psychologically
hunger & anger
84
how is hunger experienced physically
weakness & stomach pain
85
where is insulin produced and what triggers it to be released
pancreas; high blood sugar
86
where is ghrelin produced and what triggers it to be released
stomach; stomach empty
87
when is orexin produced and what does it do
hypothalamus; tells pancreas and stomach to secrete hormones
88
define SET POINT
set ideal weight
89
what are external influences of hunger
- seeing
- smelling
- tasting
- thinking about food
- scheduled eating
90
describe cortisol in terms of its influence socially
stress hormone that can be released during feelings of isolation
91
describe oxytocin in terms of its influence socially
released when experiencing intimate contact, physical connection, & childbirth
92
define AFFILIATION NEED
need to feel part of group
93
define OSTRICISM
deliberate social exclusion of individuals/groups
94
what do testosterone and estrogen increase
sex drive
95
define FREE ASSOCIATION
freud's technique where pt's say whatever comes to mind to reveal unconscious/childhood memories
96
define PSYCHOANALYSIS
Freud's theory of personality and associated techniques
97
what composes Freud's mind structure?
ego, id, superego, conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
98
describe ID
Freud's idea of unconscious energy based on pleasure principle wanting immediate gratification
99
give examples of people w/strong id
- crying infant
- substance abusers
- present focused people
100
describe EGO
gratifies Id in realistic ways for long-term pleasure based on reality principles; contains partly conscious perceptions/thoughts/judgments/memories
101
describe SUPEREGO
moral compass that strives for perfection, social construct, & alleviation of guilt
102
what does someone with a strong superego look like
virtuous but guilty
103
how does the ego relate to the superego and id
superego and id oppose each other while ego pleases both
104
define PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
Freud's idea that id's pleasure energy focuses in erogenous zones
105
what encompasses Freud's development theory
psychosexual stages & oedipus complex
106
list Freud's psychosexual stages
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
107
define IDENTIFICIATION
process where kids incorporate parents' values to beat oedipus/electra complex
108
describe the ORAL PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGE
0-18 months; sucking, biting, chewing
109
describe the ANAL PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGE
18-36 months; bowel & bladder elimination & cope w/demands for control
110
describe the PHALLIC PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGE
3-6 yrs; cope w/incestuous sexual feelings
111
describe the LATENCY PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGE
6-puberty; dormant
112
describe the GENITAL PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGE
puberty+; maturation
113
define DEFENSE MECHANISM
tactic to protect self-understanding & ego
114
give examples of defense mechanisms
regression, repression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, sublimation, denial
115
define REGRESSION
defense mechanism reverting to infantile stage
116
define REPRESSION
defense mechanism banishing thoughts from conscious
117
define REACTION FORMATION
defense mechanism switching unacceptable impulses to its opposite
118
give an example of reaction formation
anger is converted to exaggerated friendliness
119
define PROJECTION
defense mechanism disguising impulse by attributing same impulse to others
120
define RATIONALIZATION
defense mechanism providing self-justified explanations
121
define DISPLACEMENT
defense mechanism shifting impulse to acceptable/less threatening object/person
122
give an example of displacement
girl kicks rock instead of mom
123
give an example of projection
"thief thinks everyone is a thief"
124
define SUBLIMATION
defense mechanism where unacceptable impulse turns into socially valued motives
125
give an example of sublimation
aggressive urges turn into career ambition
126
define COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
Jung's theory that a collection of memories are inherited
127
define ARCHETYPES
common reservoir of images applied to Jung's theory of collective unconscious
128
define PROJECTIVE TEST
personality test w/ambiguous stimuli to reveal inner feelings
129
give examples of projective tests
thematic apperception test (TAT) & Rorschach Ink Blot test
130
define THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT)
ambiguous pictures shown and person makes a story
131
what thinks are considered part of the "modern" unconscious
- schemas automatically controlling perception and interpretations
- priming by stimuli
- brain activity
- implicit memory operating w/o conscious recall
- emotions before conscious analysis
- self-concept and stereotypes
132
define FALSE-CONSENSUS EFFECT
tendency overestimate extent which others share our beliefs & behaviors
133
define TERROR-MANAGEMENT THEORY
theory exploring emotions and behaviors to reminders of death
134
define HUMANISTIC THEORIES
focus on potential of personal growth
135
define SELF-ACTUALIZATION
process of fulfilling one's potential
136
define SELF-TRANSCENDENCE
meaning, purpose, and communion beyond self
137
describe PERSON-CENTERED PERSPECTIVE
created by Carl Rogers stating that growth climate requires genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
138
aka: person-centered perspective
client-centered perspective
139
define UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
total acceptance of person
140
define SELF-CONCEPT
all thoughts & feelings answering "who am I?"
141
define PERSONALITY INVENTORIES
longer questionnaires to cover wide range of feelings, behaviors, and traits
142
define RECIPROCAL DETERNISM
behavior, environment, and internal factors all influence each other
143
describe BIG 5
developed by Costa and McCrae comprising of personality components openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
144
define SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
behavior influenced by traits/thinking & environment
145
what are the 3 statements of reciprocal deternism
1. diff. ppl choose dif. environments
2. personalities shape how we interpret and react
3. personalities create situations to which we react
146
define TRAIT THEORY
certain stable characterisitcs are influenced by genetic predispositions
147
define SELF
organizer of thoughts/feelings/actions
148
define SPOTLIGHT EFFECT
overestimating others noticing your performance/appearance/blunders
149
define SELF-SERVING BIAS
readiness to perceive oneself favorably
150
define NARCISSISM
excessive self-love and self-absorption
151
define SELF-EFFICIACY
sense of competency
152
define CONSCIENTIOUSNESS (Big 5)
thoughtfulness, organization, impulse control
153
define OPENNESS (big 5)
imagination, insight, independence, adaptablility
154
define EXTRAVERSION (big 5)
sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression
155
define AGREEABLENESS (big 5)
trust, altruism, kindness, affection, pro-social behavior
156
define NEUROTICISM (big 5)
emotional stability
