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AP PSYCH > Vocab 2 > Flashcards

Vocab 2 Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

define SENSATION

A

process which sensory receptors of nervous system receive and represent stimulus from environment

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2
Q

define PERCEPTION

A

process of organizing and interpreting sensory info to recognize meaning

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3
Q

define BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING

A

analysis of beginning w/sensory receptors and works up to brains integration of sensory info

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4
Q

define TOP-DOWN PROCESSING

A

info processing by higher level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on experiences and expectations

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5
Q

define SELECTIVE ATTENTIONS

A

focusing of conscious awareness on articular stimuli

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6
Q

define INATTENTIONAL BLINDNESS

A

fail to see visible objects when attention moved elsewhere

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7
Q

define CHANGE BLINDNESS

A

fail to notice environment changes

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8
Q

define PSYCHOPHYSICS

A

study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli and psychological experience of them

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9
Q

define ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD

A

minimum stimulation to detect stimulus 50% of time

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10
Q

define SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY

A

predict how and when detect presence of faint stimulus and assumes detection partly based on experiences, expectations, motivations, and alertness and no absolute minimum threshold

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11
Q

define SUBLIMINAL

A

below one’s absolute threshold to conscious awareness

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12
Q

define PRIMING

A

gen unconscious activation of certain associations predisposing perception/memory/response

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13
Q

define DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD

A

minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of time

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14
Q

define WEBER’S LAW

A

stimuli must differ by constant minimum % to be perceived as different

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15
Q

define TRANSDUCTION

A

transform stimulus energies into neural impulses the brain can interpret

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16
Q

define SENSORY ADAPTATION

A

diminished sensitivity bc of constant stimulation

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17
Q

define WAVELENGTH

A

distance from peak of 1 light/sound wave to peak of next

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18
Q

define HUE

A

dimension of color determined by wavelength of light

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19
Q

define INTENSITY

A

amount of energy in light/sound wave determined by wave’s amplitude

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20
Q

define PUPIL

A

adjustable opening in center of eye through which light enters

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21
Q

define IRIS

A

ring of muscle tissue that form colored portion of eye around pupil and controls size of pupil opening

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22
Q

define LENS

A

transparent structure behind pupil changing shape to focus on image

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23
Q

define RETINA

A

light sensitive inner surface of eyes w/rods and cones

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24
Q

define ACCOMMODATION

A

process lens changes shapes to focus on near/far objects

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25
define RODS
retinal receptors detecting black, white, and grey necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don't respond
26
define CONES
retinal receptors concentrated near center of retina that detect detail and color in well-lit conditions
27
define OPTIC NERVE
nerve from eye to brain
28
define BLIND SPOT
point which optic nerve leaves eye creating a blind spot
29
define FOVEA
central focal point in retina where cones cluster
30
define FEATURE DETECTORS
nerve cells in brain that respond to specific features of stimuli
31
define YOUNG-HEMHOLTZ TRICHOMATIC PROCESSING THEORY
theory retina contains 3 different color receptors (green, red, and blue) when stimulated in combo can produce perception of any color
32
define OPPONENT-PROCESSING THEORY
theory opposing retinal processes enable color vision
33
define AUDITION
sense/act of hearing
34
define FREQUENCY
number of complete wavelengths that pass a point of given time
35
define PITCH
tone either high or low
36
define MIDDLE EAR
chamber between ear drum and cochlea w/malleus, incus, and stapes concentrating vibrations of eardrum on cochlea oval window
37
define COCHLEA
coiled, bony fluid-filled tube in inner ear and sound waves traveling through cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
38
define INNER EAR
innermost part of ear w/cochlea, semicircular canal, vestibular sacs
39
define PLACE THEORY
theory linking pitch w/place where cochlea's membrane is stimulated
40
define FREQUENCY THEORY
theory rate of nerve impulses traveling up auditory nerve matching frequency of tone enables sense of pitch
41
define CONDUCTION HEARING LOSS
hearing loss caused by damage to mechanical system conducting sound waves to cochlea
42
define SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS
hearing loss bc damage to cochlear receptor cells/to auditory nerve
43
define COCHLEAR IMPLANT
device for converting sounds into electrical signals stimulating auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into cochlea
44
define KINESTHESIS
system sensing position and movement of body parts
45
define VESTIBULAR SENSE
sense of body movement and position including balance
46
define GATE-CONTROL THEORY
theory spinal cord contains "gate" that blocks pain signals/allowing them to pass to brain
47
define SENSORY INTERACTION
principle that 1 sense may influence another
48
define GESTALT
organized whole
49
define FIGURE-GROUND
organization of visual field into objects that stand out from environment
50
define GROUPING
perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into other coherent groups
51
define DEPTH PERCEPTION
ability to see objects in 3D allowing images that strike retina are 2D allowing us to judge distance
52
define VISUAL CLIFF
lab device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
53
define BINOCULAR CUES
depth cues using both eyes
54
define RETINAL DISPARITY
binocular cue to perceive depth by comparing images from both eyes
55
define MONOCULAR CUES
depth cue using 1 eye
56
define PHI PHENOMENON
illusion of movement created when 2 or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
57
define PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY
objects unchanging even as illumination and brightness change
58
define PERCEPTUAL SET
mental predisposition to perceive 1 think and not another
59
define EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION
controversial claim perception can occur apart from sensory input (telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance)
60
define PARAPSYCHOLOGY
study of paranormal phenomena
61
define CONSCIOUSNESS
awareness of ourselves and environment
62
define CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
regular body rhythms on 24 hr cycle
63
define REM SLEEP
rapid eye movement sleep/paradoxical sleep; recurring sleep stage where vivid dreams commonly occur
64
define REM REBOUND
tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
65
define ALPHA WAVES
relatively slow brain waves of relaxes, awake state
66
define SLEEP
periodic, natural loss of consciousness
67
define HALLUCINATIONS
false sensory experiences
68
define DELTA WAVES
large, slow brain waves associated w/deep sleep
69
define NREM SLEEP
nonrapid eye movement sleep encompassing all sleep stages except REM
70
define INSOMNIA
recurring disorder falling/staying asleep
71
define NARCOLEPSY
disorder w/uncontrollable sleep attacks into REM sleep
72
define SLEEP APNEA
disorder w/temporary cessations of breathing in sleep and momentary awakenings
73
define NIGHT TERRORS
disorder w/high arousal and appearance of terror during NREM3 sleep within 2-3 hours and not remembered
74
define DREAM
sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through sleeping mind w/hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities and dreamer's delusional acceptance
75
define MANIFEST CONTENT
remembered story line of a dream according to Freud
76
define LATENT CONTENT
underlying meaning of a dream according to Freud
77
define HYPNOSIS
social interaction where subject responds to hypnotist's suggestions that certain things will spontaneously occur
78
define POSTHYPNOTIC SUGGESTION
suggestion made during hypnosis to be carried out after hypnosis to control undesired symptoms and behaviors
79
define DISSOCIATION
split in consciousness allowing some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously
80
define PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG
drug altering perceptions and moods
81
define TOLERANCE
diminish effect of drug w/regular use
82
define WITHDRAWAL
discomfort and distress following stopping of addicting drug/behavior
83
define PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE
state of person who repeatedly takes drugs and experiences unpleasant physiological symptoms
84
define ADDICTION
compulsive craving of drugs/behaviors despite known adverse consequences
85
define DEPRESSANTS
drugs reducing neural activities and slow body functions
86
define BARBITURATES
drugs depressing CNS activity, decrease anxiety, and impair memory and judgement
87
define OPIATES
opium and its derivatives depressing neural activity temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
88
define STIMULANTS
drugs exciting neural activity and speed up body functions
89
define AMPHETAMINES
drugs stimulating neural activity, speed up body functions, and associate w/energy and mood changes
90
define METHAMPHETAMINES
drug stimulating CNS w/sped up body functions and associated energy and mood changes decreasing baseline dopamine levels
91
define ECSTASY (MDMA)
synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen causing euphoria and social intimacy w/health risks and harm to serotonin-producing neurons, mood, and cognition
92
define HALLUCINOGENS
psychedelic drugs distorting perceptions and evoke sensory images w/o sensory input
93
define LSD
powerful hallucinogenic drug; aka acid
94
define NEAR-DEATH EXPERIENCES
altered state of consciousness after close brush w/death similar to drug-induced hallucinations
95
define THC
major active ingredient in marijuana triggering mild effects and hallucinations
96

AP PSYCH (12 decks)

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