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AP PSYCH > Vocab 2 > Flashcards

Vocab 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define SENSATION

A

process which sensory receptors of nervous system receive and represent stimulus from environment

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2
Q

define PERCEPTION

A

process of organizing and interpreting sensory info to recognize meaning

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3
Q

define BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING

A

analysis of beginning w/sensory receptors and works up to brains integration of sensory info

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4
Q

define TOP-DOWN PROCESSING

A

info processing by higher level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on experiences and expectations

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5
Q

define SELECTIVE ATTENTIONS

A

focusing of conscious awareness on articular stimuli

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6
Q

define INATTENTIONAL BLINDNESS

A

fail to see visible objects when attention moved elsewhere

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7
Q

define CHANGE BLINDNESS

A

fail to notice environment changes

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8
Q

define PSYCHOPHYSICS

A

study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli and psychological experience of them

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9
Q

define ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD

A

minimum stimulation to detect stimulus 50% of time

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10
Q

define SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY

A

predict how and when detect presence of faint stimulus and assumes detection partly based on experiences, expectations, motivations, and alertness and no absolute minimum threshold

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11
Q

define SUBLIMINAL

A

below one’s absolute threshold to conscious awareness

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12
Q

define PRIMING

A

gen unconscious activation of certain associations predisposing perception/memory/response

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13
Q

define DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD

A

minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of time

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14
Q

define WEBER’S LAW

A

stimuli must differ by constant minimum % to be perceived as different

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15
Q

define TRANSDUCTION

A

transform stimulus energies into neural impulses the brain can interpret

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16
Q

define SENSORY ADAPTATION

A

diminished sensitivity bc of constant stimulation

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17
Q

define WAVELENGTH

A

distance from peak of 1 light/sound wave to peak of next

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18
Q

define HUE

A

dimension of color determined by wavelength of light

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19
Q

define INTENSITY

A

amount of energy in light/sound wave determined by wave’s amplitude

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20
Q

define PUPIL

A

adjustable opening in center of eye through which light enters

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21
Q

define IRIS

A

ring of muscle tissue that form colored portion of eye around pupil and controls size of pupil opening

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22
Q

define LENS

A

transparent structure behind pupil changing shape to focus on image

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23
Q

define RETINA

A

light sensitive inner surface of eyes w/rods and cones

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24
Q

define ACCOMMODATION

A

process lens changes shapes to focus on near/far objects

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25
Q

define RODS

A

retinal receptors detecting black, white, and grey necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don’t respond

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26
Q

define CONES

A

retinal receptors concentrated near center of retina that detect detail and color in well-lit conditions

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27
Q

define OPTIC NERVE

A

nerve from eye to brain

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28
Q

define BLIND SPOT

A

point which optic nerve leaves eye creating a blind spot

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29
Q

define FOVEA

A

central focal point in retina where cones cluster

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30
Q

define FEATURE DETECTORS

A

nerve cells in brain that respond to specific features of stimuli

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31
Q

define YOUNG-HEMHOLTZ TRICHOMATIC PROCESSING THEORY

A

theory retina contains 3 different color receptors (green, red, and blue) when stimulated in combo can produce perception of any color

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32
Q

define OPPONENT-PROCESSING THEORY

A

theory opposing retinal processes enable color vision

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33
Q

define AUDITION

A

sense/act of hearing

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34
Q

define FREQUENCY

A

number of complete wavelengths that pass a point of given time

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35
Q

define PITCH

A

tone either high or low

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36
Q

define MIDDLE EAR

A

chamber between ear drum and cochlea w/malleus, incus, and stapes concentrating vibrations of eardrum on cochlea oval window

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37
Q

define COCHLEA

A

coiled, bony fluid-filled tube in inner ear and sound waves traveling through cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses

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38
Q

define INNER EAR

A

innermost part of ear w/cochlea, semicircular canal, vestibular sacs

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39
Q

define PLACE THEORY

A

theory linking pitch w/place where cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

40
Q

define FREQUENCY THEORY

A

theory rate of nerve impulses traveling up auditory nerve matching frequency of tone enables sense of pitch

41
Q

define CONDUCTION HEARING LOSS

A

hearing loss caused by damage to mechanical system conducting sound waves to cochlea

42
Q

define SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS

A

hearing loss bc damage to cochlear receptor cells/to auditory nerve

43
Q

define COCHLEAR IMPLANT

A

device for converting sounds into electrical signals stimulating auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into cochlea

44
Q

define KINESTHESIS

A

system sensing position and movement of body parts

45
Q

define VESTIBULAR SENSE

A

sense of body movement and position including balance

46
Q

define GATE-CONTROL THEORY

A

theory spinal cord contains “gate” that blocks pain signals/allowing them to pass to brain

47
Q

define SENSORY INTERACTION

A

principle that 1 sense may influence another

48
Q

define GESTALT

A

organized whole

49
Q

define FIGURE-GROUND

A

organization of visual field into objects that stand out from environment

50
Q

define GROUPING

A

perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into other coherent groups

51
Q

define DEPTH PERCEPTION

A

ability to see objects in 3D allowing images that strike retina are 2D allowing us to judge distance

52
Q

define VISUAL CLIFF

A

lab device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

53
Q

define BINOCULAR CUES

A

depth cues using both eyes

54
Q

define RETINAL DISPARITY

A

binocular cue to perceive depth by comparing images from both eyes

55
Q

define MONOCULAR CUES

A

depth cue using 1 eye

56
Q

define PHI PHENOMENON

A

illusion of movement created when 2 or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

57
Q

define PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY

A

objects unchanging even as illumination and brightness change

58
Q

define PERCEPTUAL SET

A

mental predisposition to perceive 1 think and not another

59
Q

define EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION

A

controversial claim perception can occur apart from sensory input (telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance)

60
Q

define PARAPSYCHOLOGY

A

study of paranormal phenomena

61
Q

define CONSCIOUSNESS

A

awareness of ourselves and environment

62
Q

define CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

A

regular body rhythms on 24 hr cycle

63
Q

define REM SLEEP

A

rapid eye movement sleep/paradoxical sleep; recurring sleep stage where vivid dreams commonly occur

64
Q

define REM REBOUND

A

tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

65
Q

define ALPHA WAVES

A

relatively slow brain waves of relaxes, awake state

66
Q

define SLEEP

A

periodic, natural loss of consciousness

67
Q

define HALLUCINATIONS

A

false sensory experiences

68
Q

define DELTA WAVES

A

large, slow brain waves associated w/deep sleep

69
Q

define NREM SLEEP

A

nonrapid eye movement sleep encompassing all sleep stages except REM

70
Q

define INSOMNIA

A

recurring disorder falling/staying asleep

71
Q

define NARCOLEPSY

A

disorder w/uncontrollable sleep attacks into REM sleep

72
Q

define SLEEP APNEA

A

disorder w/temporary cessations of breathing in sleep and momentary awakenings

73
Q

define NIGHT TERRORS

A

disorder w/high arousal and appearance of terror during NREM3 sleep within 2-3 hours and not remembered

74
Q

define DREAM

A

sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through sleeping mind w/hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities and dreamer’s delusional acceptance

75
Q

define MANIFEST CONTENT

A

remembered story line of a dream according to Freud

76
Q

define LATENT CONTENT

A

underlying meaning of a dream according to Freud

77
Q

define HYPNOSIS

A

social interaction where subject responds to hypnotist’s suggestions that certain things will spontaneously occur

78
Q

define POSTHYPNOTIC SUGGESTION

A

suggestion made during hypnosis to be carried out after hypnosis to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

79
Q

define DISSOCIATION

A

split in consciousness allowing some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously

80
Q

define PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG

A

drug altering perceptions and moods

81
Q

define TOLERANCE

A

diminish effect of drug w/regular use

82
Q

define WITHDRAWAL

A

discomfort and distress following stopping of addicting drug/behavior

83
Q

define PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE

A

state of person who repeatedly takes drugs and experiences unpleasant physiological symptoms

84
Q

define ADDICTION

A

compulsive craving of drugs/behaviors despite known adverse consequences

85
Q

define DEPRESSANTS

A

drugs reducing neural activities and slow body functions

86
Q

define BARBITURATES

A

drugs depressing CNS activity, decrease anxiety, and impair memory and judgement

87
Q

define OPIATES

A

opium and its derivatives depressing neural activity temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

88
Q

define STIMULANTS

A

drugs exciting neural activity and speed up body functions

89
Q

define AMPHETAMINES

A

drugs stimulating neural activity, speed up body functions, and associate w/energy and mood changes

90
Q

define METHAMPHETAMINES

A

drug stimulating CNS w/sped up body functions and associated energy and mood changes decreasing baseline dopamine levels

91
Q

define ECSTASY (MDMA)

A

synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen causing euphoria and social intimacy w/health risks and harm to serotonin-producing neurons, mood, and cognition

92
Q

define HALLUCINOGENS

A

psychedelic drugs distorting perceptions and evoke sensory images w/o sensory input

93
Q

define LSD

A

powerful hallucinogenic drug; aka acid

94
Q

define NEAR-DEATH EXPERIENCES

A

altered state of consciousness after close brush w/death similar to drug-induced hallucinations

95
Q

define THC

A

major active ingredient in marijuana triggering mild effects and hallucinations

96
Q
A

AP PSYCH (12 decks)

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