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AP Psychology > Unit 1 : > Flashcards

Unit 1 : Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

Structuralism

A

WUndt and Titchener; uses introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

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2
Q

Prescientific Psychology

A

Socrates and Plato believed that the knowledge we now we were born with

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3
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Knowledge comes from experience and science should rely on observation and experimentation

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4
Q

John Locke

A

Humans are born with a blank state.

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5
Q

Functionalism

A

William James through influence of Charles Darwin

Explored how mental and behavioral processes function and allow organisms to adapt, survive, and flourish

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6
Q

William James

A

Functionalist, introspection; Explored emotions, memories, habits, and consciousness

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7
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

First APA president

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8
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

First female to earn Ph.D in psych, second female president and wrote “Animal Mind”

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9
Q

Experimental Psychology

A

Study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

Philip Zimbardo

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10
Q

Edward Titchener

A

Structuralist; backed up Margaret Washburn, wrote “Principles of Psychology”,

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11
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Psychoanalysis; emotional responses to childhood experiences and unconscious thought process + effects on behavior

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12
Q

Scientific study of observable behavior

A

1920s; Flamboyant, Watson, Skinner

Only observes behaviors not feelings or thoughts

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13
Q

Behaviorism

A

Psychology should be an objective science and should study behavior w/o interference to mental processes.

behaviors are acquired through conditioning, and conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment

Today agree with 1 not 2

Pavlov, Watson, Thornedike

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14
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

Emphasis of growth potential of healthy people
—> environment influences and importance of love and acceptance

Carl Rogers and Maslow

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15
Q

Cognitive psychology / approach

A

Explores how we perceive, process, and remember info

Jean Piaget

New ways to understand ourselves and treat disorders

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16
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

Brain activity linked with cognition (perception, thinking, memory, language)

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17
Q

Psychology

A

Science of behavior (smiling, blinking, sweating, talking) and mental processes (thinking, sensations, perceptions, dreams, beliefs)

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18
Q

Nature-nurture issue

A

Genetic vs environmental contributions to development of traits and behaviors

Aristotle : “all comes through senses”
Locke : “we are born with a blank state”
Descartes : “some is inborn, most is not” (EXPERIMENT SUPPORTED)

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19
Q

Natural selection

A

Those animals that continue to survive and reproduce will pass on their traits to future gens.

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20
Q

Levels of analysis

A

Different groups complementary views, from bio, psych, and social culture to analyze any phenomenon.

—> biopsychosocial

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21
Q

Biopsychosocial

A

Interaction between biology, psychology, and social-culture factors

Each is important; do not look at seperately

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22
Q

Behavioral perspective w/ anger

A

Any trigger angry responses / aggressive acts

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23
Q

Biological perspective

A

Study heredity and experience influence our differences

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24
Q

Cognitive pers

A

Study of anger and how it affects thinking

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25
Evolutionary pers
Anger facilitated the survival of our ancestors; genes
26
Humanistic pers
How angry feelings affect someone’s potential growth
27
Psychodynamic/ psychoanalytic perspective
Views outbursts as an outlet for unconscious hostility
28
Social-culture pers
Focus on how anger varies in different cultures
29
Behavioral psychology
Observable behaviors and its explanation by principles of learning
30
Biological psychology
Link between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes
31
Cognitive psychology
All mental activities associated with thought, knowledge, memory, and communication
32
Evolutionary psychology
Study of evolution of behavior and mind, using natural selection
33
Psychodynamic psychology
Studies unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that info to treat people with psych disorders
34
Social- culture psych
Study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
35
Psychometrics
Study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
36
Basic research
Pure science aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
37
Development psych
Study physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
38
Educational psych
Study of how psychology processes influence teaching and learning
39
Personality psych
Individuals characteristics, pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
40
Social psych
How we think about, influence, and relate to each other
41
Applied research
Study that aims to solve practical problems
42
Industrial-organization psych
Application of psych concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces
43
Human factors psychologist
Subfield of I/O, explores how people and machines interact and how the environment can be made safe and easy to use
44
Counseling psych
Assists people with problems in living (school, work relationship) and achieving greater well-being
45
Clinical psychology
Assesses and treats people with psych disorders
46
Psychiatry
Medicine dealing with psych disorders, physicians provide medical treatment and psych therapy
47
Positive psych
discover and promote strengths that help individuals and communities thrive
48
Community psych
how people interact its their social environment and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.
49
Hindsight bias
To believe, after knowing the outcome, that you would have foreseen it “I knew it all along”
50
Overconfidence
Tend to be more confident rather than correct
51
Perceiving order in random events
Humans inclined to perceive patterns that may not even have one. Leads to overestimation of human intuition
52
Curiosity
Wanted feeling to explore and understand without being mislead. Scientists need to be doubtful before believing
53
Critical thinking
Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions, but examines assumptions, assesses the source, discerns hidden values, evaluated evidence and assesses conclusions
54
Theory
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events Have to be put to a test, can be a useful summary
55
Hypothesis
A testable prediction often implied by a theory
56
Operational definition
Carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study INCLUDE SPECIFIC MEASUREMENTS AND VARIABLES
57
Replication
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding is generalized (extends to other participants and circumstances)
58
Reliable
When the study has similar results across multiple experiments
59
Correlational studies
Use different factors and variables (movement of two variables together), can show correlation, but not cause and effect
60
Experiments
Manipulate a variable and discover their effects, can show cause and effect and explains behavior
61
Case study
Analysis of specific individual(s) in depth Gathering data as an experiment wouldn’t working because its unethical Can be hard to generalize if an abnormal example is present, people are all different
62
Naturalistic observation
Watching and recording the natural behavior of many individuals without interfering Real world data, change in behavior if they are being watched DESCRIBES NOT EXPLAINS
63
Observer effect
People or animals behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed
64
Illusory correlation
Perception of a relationship where none actually exists
65
Population
Group of people being studied
66
Survey
self reported attitudes or behaviors of a group, acquired by questioning a sample of the group Questionnaire to get info
67
Sampling bias
Flawed sampling procese that produces an unrepresentable sample
68
Random sample
Sample that fairly represents a pop because each member has an equal chance of inclusion (random selection) Larger representative samples > small representative samples > large unrepresentable samples
69
Wording effect
How a question is prompted to the person, can result in differences in answers
70
Correlate
Measure of the extent to which 2 variables change together, shows how well either variable predicts the other
71
Correlation coefficient
Statistical index of the relationship between 2 variables (from -1.0 to 1.0) LOOK AT NATURALLY OCCURING RELATIONSHIPS
72
Scatter plots
Graphed cluster of dots, represents value of 2 variables/ values. Slop shows direction (+ / -) amount of scatter suggests strength of correlation
73
Perfect Positive correlation
Both values both up together (+1.0) Closer moves to +1.00 the stronger the correlation DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION
74
No relationship
Dots have no pattern | 0.00
75
Perfect Negative correlation
One variable moves up one moves down (-1.00) Closer to -1.00 the stronger the correlation DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION
76
Experiment
Research method where factors can be manipulated in order to observe the effect on some behavioral or mental processes. Random assignment of participants aims to control the confounding variables LOOK AT EFFECTS
77
Experimental group
Group exposed to treatment in an experiment (independent variable)
78
Control group
Group that does not receive treatment; contrasting with the exp group serving as a comparison to evaluate the experiment
79
Random assignment
Assigning participants to experimental or control groups by chance, minimizing pre-existing differences between different groups
80
Double blind procedure
Experiment procedure where nether the participant more researching staff know if the participants received the treatment or placebo Commonly used in drug evaluation Avoids observer bias
81
Single blind study
Only the participants dont know which group they were assigned to
82
Observer bias
Researchers expectations, beliefs, feelings influence what they perceive and record for the study
83
Placebo effect
Results that can come due to expectations alone, any effect that seems to change behavior the recipient thinks its the drug
84
Independent variable
Factor in experiment that is manipulated What is being studies
85
Confounding variables
Outside Factors that can produce an effect on the experiment
86
Dependent variable
Outcome factor; can change in response to manipulations of IV
87
Validity
Experiment measures, predicts, tests what it is supposed to.
88
Difference significance
When avg from 2 samples are each reliable measures of representative pops then difference is likely reliable as well When sample avg is large, means difference between them reflects real diff in a pop
89
Descriptive statistics
Measures describes and summarizes our data like central tendency and variation
90
Histogram
A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution
91
Measures of central tendency
Mode Mean Median Skewed distribution
92
Mode
Most frequently seen score in a distribution
93
Mean
Average of a distribution | Add then divide by # of scores
94
Median
Middle score when put in numerical order, half below and half above
95
Skewed distribution
Representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value
96
Measures of variation
Range | Standard deviation
97
Range
Highest - lowers
98
Standard deviation
Avg distance from mean
99
Outliers
Score way high or way low Impacts the mean, better to look at median
100
Positively skewed distribution
Outliers have pulled the mean to the right, outliers are extremely high
101
Negatively skewed distribution
Outliers have pulled mea to the left, outliers are extremely low
102
Longitudinal studies
Takes place over a long period of time
103
Standard variation
Avg off how scores differ from mean Large bell curves = scores vary and are not similar Small bell curves = scores are tight together and similar 68% fall between 1 deviation 95% fall between 2 standard deviation
104
Normal curve
Normal distribution, symmetrical curve , scores fall between 68% in 1st deviation
105
Inferential statistics
Numerical data that allows to generalize probability of something being true of a pop.
106
Statistical significance
Statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance P≤.05 Results are less than 5% due to chance Cannot generalize results if not present
107
Culture
Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people that gets passed down to gens.
108
Ethical guidelines
1. Have to get approval from IRB 2. Informed consent 3. Debriefing 4. Confidentiality 5. Protection from mental, physical, and emotional harm 6. Only experiment on animals and harm animals if it benefits humans
109
Informed consent
Inform participants about the study, ability to withdraw any time
110
Debriefing
After exp is over reveal the results including possible deception.

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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