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AP Psychology > Unit 4 : > Flashcards

Unit 4 : Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

sensation

A

Process of sensing something (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin)
Bottom up processing

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2
Q

perception

A

Brain takes sensory infor, organizes and interprets it. Based on prior experience
Top-down processing

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3
Q

bottom-up processing

A

Starts with sensory receptors and works up to higher level of processing

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4
Q

top-down processing

A

Info process guided by higher level mental processes constructing perceptions by experiences and expectations

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5
Q

selective attention

A

Can only consciously focus on one thing at a time

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6
Q

inattentional blindness

A

Focused on some thing that we become blind to something else

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7
Q

change blindness

A

Fail to notice things in environment

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8
Q

transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another

Ex : sight, sound. Smell into neural impulses brain can interpret

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9
Q

psychophysics

A

Study of relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli

Sensations and the stimuli that produce them

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10
Q

absolute threshholds

A

Can detect 50% of the time

Hearing “ding” from phone

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11
Q

signal detection theory

A

method for measuring a system’s ability to detect patterns/stimuli/signals in information despite background noise

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12
Q

subliminal

A

Below absolute threshold awareness

Cant detect it half of the time

Getting your name called while listening to music

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13
Q

priming

A

Activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception, memory, response.

Activation of certain areas which change perception memory and response

Sees doctor&raquo_space; easier to spot nurse than cat because of the theme

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14
Q

difference threshold

A

Can you detect the difference in 2 stimuli 50% of the time?

Wine tasters

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15
Q

webers law

A

2 stimuli must change by a constant %

Ex : 10 kg add 1 kg
10% change
100 add 1
1% change X

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16
Q

sensory adaptation

A

Dimished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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17
Q

perceptual set

A

tendencies and assumptions that affects (top-down) what we hear, taste, feel, and see.
Perceive 1 thing and not the other

Old lady vs young; which one you perceive first

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18
Q

wavelength

A

Distance from one peak of a wave to next

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19
Q

hue

A

Light wavelength

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20
Q

intensity

A

Amount of energy in a wave
Determined by height (amplitude)
Determins the brightness and loudness

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21
Q

pupil

A

Adjustable opening through which light enters

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22
Q

iris

A

Colored muscle around pupile, controls size of pupil opening

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23
Q

lens

A

Behind pupil, helps focus light on retina through accommodation

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24
Q

retina

A

Inner surface of eye. Contains receptor cells (rods abd cones) and where transductioin occurs

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25
accommodation
Changing / adjusting shape to focus on retina
26
rods
Retinal receptors; detect black, white and gray for peripheral vision and twighlight vision
27
cones
Retinal receptors that are in center of retina, function in daylight/well lit areas. Detect fine detail
28
optic nerve
Carries neural impulses to thalamus in the brain
29
blind spot
Where optic nerve leaves the eye
30
fovea
Central focus point of retina; Cones are clustered here
31
Feature detectors
Nerve cells that respond to specific features like ahpe, angle, movement
32
parallel processing for vision
Processing of Many aspects of a problem simultaneously See, smell, and hear a baker baking
33
young-Helmholtz trichromatic (3 color) theory
Cones that respond to 3 colors; red, green, blue from which we experience colors
34
gestalt
Organized whole
35
figure-ground
visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surrounding (ground)
36
grouping
Organize figures into meaningful groups Proximity : images and objects in close proximity of each other (6 lines of? 2 sets of 2) Continuity : 2 lines? 4 semi circles? Closure : fills in gaps where pieces are missing
37
depth perception
Ability to see objects in 3D and judge distance
38
visual cliff
Lab device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
39
binocular cues
2 eyes to perceive depth
40
retinal disparity
Each retina takes in images; brain uses images to compute distance The closure the object the more differnt it looks like
41
monocular cues
One eye to perceive depth
42
phi phenomenon
Illusion of movement created when 2 or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
43
perceptual constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging (consistent shapes, size, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change Doors
44
color constancy
Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by object Different colored apples
45
perceptual adaptation
In vision the ability to adjust to artificially displace/inverted visual field Upside down goggles, after a week people could ski and drive
46
audition
Sensation act of hearing
47
frequency
of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
48
pitch
Lines experienced highness/lowness; depends on frequency
49
middle ear
Ossicles (bones of middle ear) hammer, anvil, stirrup
50
cochlea
Coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in inner ear. Sound waves travelling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
51
inner ear
Cochlea (transduction occurs in ear) Enter as sound waves —> exit as neural impulses
52
sensorineural hearing loss
Nerve deafness Damage to cochleas hair loss or auditory nerve Most common comes with heredity, aging, and loud noises
53
conduction hearing loss
Damage to mechanical system (eardrum, bones of middle ear)
54
cochlear implant
Device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve
55
place theory
Theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated
56
frequency theory
Rate of nerve impulses travelling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
57
gate control theory
Block unimportant impulses from spinal cord
58
kinesthesia
Senses position and movement of indicidual body parts
59
sensory interaction
One sense may influence another as when the smell of food influences its taste
60
vestibular sense
Balance Inner ear Works with kinesthesia Cerebellum
61
embodied cognition
Influence of sensations, gestures and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements
62
Cornea
Outer protective layer where light first enters
63
Eye structure mnemonic for sequence of how light enters eye
Can I Please Learn Reading Faster
64
Opponent process theory
``` 3 opposite pairs Red/green Black/white Blue/yellow After images ```
65
Outer ear
Auditory canal border : eardrum

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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