Unit 3 : Learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

Acquiring new and enduring info/behavior

Question 2

habituation

Answer 2

Organisms reduce response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

Question 3

classical conditional

Answer 3

Associate 2 stimuli and anicipate response

Lighting comes with thunder

Question 4

associative learning

Answer 4

Learning that certain events occur together like conditioning or responses / concequences in operant conditioning

Question 5

stimulus

Answer 5

Any event / stimulation that evokes a response

Question 6

operant conditioning

Answer 6

Associate response with concequences. Learn good results and repeat them and avoid bad ones

Behavior is strenthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Question 7

cognitive learning

Answer 7

Acquisititation of mental info, whether by observing events, watching others, through language (look and learn)

Question 8

behaviorism

Answer 8

Should be objective
Study behavior without reference to mental processes
(Agree with 1 not 2)

Question 9

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 9

Classical conditioning where stimulus that elicts no response before conditioning

Question 10

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 10

Unlearned naturally occuring response (salivation) to an unconditional stimulus (food in mouth)

Question 11

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 11

Stimulus that is unconditioned, naturally and automatically triggers a response

Question 12

conditioned stimulus

Answer 12

Originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with US comes to trigger CR

Question 13

acquisition

Answer 13

Linkage of NS and US so that the NS begins triggering the CR. In operant conditioning the strengthening of a reinforced response

Question 14

higher-order conditioning

Answer 14

Tge CS in one conditioning experiment is paired with a new NS creating a 2nd weaker CR

Question 15

extinction

Answer 15

Diminishing of CR, occurs in CC when US does not follow CS. Occurs in OC when a respoinse is no longer reinforced

Question 16

spontaneous recovery

Answer 16

Reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished CR (supressed but not eliminated)

Question 17

gerneralization

Answer 17

Response for similar stimuli as CS to have similar responses

Question 18

discrimination

Answer 18

Learned ability to distinguish between CS (predicts US) and other irrelevent stimuli

Question 19

law of effect

Answer 19

Thorndike; behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behavior followed by unfacorable concequences becomes less likely

Question 20

operant chamber

Answer 20

Skinner box; bar and key that an animal can manipulate to obtqain a food/water reinforcer

Question 21

reinforcement

Answer 21

Any event that strengthens behavior it folloes

Question 22

shaping

Answer 22

Reinforcers guide behavior towards closer and closer desired behavior

Question 23

discriminative stimulus

Answer 23

Stimulus that becomes a response after association with reinforcement

(Ex: dad talks on the phone and allows candy, when no phone call no candy)

Question 24

positive reinforcement

Answer 24

Increase behavior by presenting positive reinforcers which strengthen behavior

Question 25

negative reinforcement

Answer 25

Increase behavior by stopping reducing a stimuli. Removal is also a reinforcer

Question 26

primary reinforcer

Answer 26

Reinforcer that satisfies biological needs

Question 27

conditioned reinforcer

Answer 27

Stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer aka secondary reinforcer

Question 28

reinforcement schedules

Answer 28

Pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Question 29

continuous reinforcement

Answer 29

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 30

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 30

Reinforcing response only part of the time, slower acquisition of response and higher resistance to extinction

Question 31

fixed-ration schedule

Answer 31

Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 32

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 32

Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses Like fishing

Question 33

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 33

Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (hungry child shaking jello more)

Question 34

variable-interval schedule

Answer 34

Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (checking email/SNS)

Question 35

punishment

Answer 35

Event that tend to decrease the behavior that it follows Child burned from hot stove

Question 36

respondent behavior

Answer 36

Occurs as automatic response to stimulus

Question 37

operant behavior

Answer 37

Operates on the environment produces concequences

Question 38

taste aversion

Answer 38

Associate nausea with something you ate recently and avoid it

Question 39

cognitive map

Answer 39

Edward Tolmans; Mental representation of the layout of ones environment

Question 40

latent learning

Answer 40

Learning that occurs but is not seen until there is a need to demonstrate it

Question 41

insight

Answer 41

Sudden realization of a problems solution

Question 42

intrinsic motivation

Answer 42

Desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Question 43

extrinsic motivation

Answer 43

Desire to perform behvaior to receive promised reward/avoid punishment

Question 44

coping

Answer 44

Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, behavioral methods

Question 45

problem-focused coping

Answer 45

Attempting to alleviate stress by changing the stressor / the way we interact with that stressor

Question 46

emotion-focused coping

Answer 46

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding/ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to ones stress reaction

Question 47

learned helplessness

Answer 47

Hopelessness and passive resignation an animal/human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Question 48

external locus of control

Answer 48

Perception that chance/outside forces beyong out control determin fate

Question 49

internal locus of control

Answer 49

Perception that you control your fate

Question 50

self control

Answer 50

Ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long term rewards

Question 51

observational learning

Answer 51

Leabing by observing others (social learning)

Question 52

modeling

Answer 52

Observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 53

mirror neurons

Answer 53

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions/ when observing another doing so (enables imitatipon and empathy)

Question 54

prosocial behavior

Answer 54

Positive constructive, helpful behavior

Question 55

Conditioned response

Answer 55

Learned response to previous neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

Question 56

Overjustification

Answer 56

Excessive rewards that destroy intrinsic motivation