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Bacteriology > Unit 1- Resistance > Flashcards

Unit 1- Resistance Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Therapeutic Antimicrobials

A

Used to treat an individual when they are sick

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2
Q

Metaphylactic Antimicrobials

A

Treat the entire herd when one patient is sick

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3
Q

Prophylactic Antimicrobials

A

Seasonal prescription of a drug to prevent infection of the most susceptible population

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4
Q

Growth Promotion Antibiotics

A

Increases weight gain, banned in EU and USA

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5
Q

Biofilms

A

Bacteria are hibernating until conditions are good to continue growing, highly resistant in this stage

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6
Q

Plankton

A

Living moving phase of life

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7
Q

Classical Gram +

A

Several layers of peptidoglycan in cell wall with lipoic acid

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8
Q

Mycobacterium

A

Peptidoglycan in cell wall is covered by mycolic acid

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9
Q

Classical Gram -

A

Outer membrane is made up of proteins and LPS

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10
Q

Chlamydia

A

Cell wall without peptidoglycan and outer membrane with proteins and LPS

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11
Q

Mycoplasma

A

No cell wall, sterols in cell membrane

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12
Q

Targets of Antimicrobials

A

Cell wall synthesis, folic acid synthesis, protein synthesis, mRNA, DNA synthesis

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13
Q

Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms

A

reduced membrane permeability, efflux pumping, drug inactivation by enzymes, target site modification

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14
Q

Biofilm Protection

A

Extracellular matrix, thick communities, low nutrient and oxygen supply, dormant cell in center

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15
Q

Tetracycline AMR

A

Acquire efflux transporter genes or increase expression to pump drugs out of cytoplasm

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16
Q

Chloramphenicol AMR

A

Change 50S drug target site

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17
Q

Rifamycin AMR

A

Change RNA polymerase drug target site

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18
Q

Quinolones AMR

A

Change Topoisomerase drug target site

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19
Q

Beta Lactam AMR

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A

Enzymes that destroy or modify drugs encoded by plasmids

20
Q

Amonoglycoside AMR

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A

Enzymes that destroy or enzymatically modify the drug encoded by plasmid

21
Q

Beta Lactam AMR in G+

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A

Change in binding site of beta lactams

22
Q

Beta Lactam AMR in G-

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A

Beta lactamase enzyme production

23
Q

ESBL Plasmid

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A

Conveys resistance to penicillin, cephalosporin, and monobactam

24
Q

Carbapenemase Plasmid

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A

Conveys multidrug resistance to all beta lactams

25
Vertical Gene Transfer
Resistance is acquired from parent cells
26
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Resistance is acquired from free DNA in nature, plasmids, or bacterophages
27
Guidelines for AMR detection
CLSI, EUCAST, or ISO
28
ESKAPE
Top AMR species: Enterococcus, S. aureus, K. pneumonidae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter
29
Fast Growing 24 hour species
Enterobacteriaceae, other gram negative bacilli, and non fastidious gram positives
30
Slow growing species that need special media
Fastidious organisms, bioterrorism agents, and anaerobic microbes
31
Mannitol salt agar
Used for Staphylococcus, enterococcus, listeria, and micrococcaceae
32
Edward media
Used for Streptococcus and Enterococcus
33
Kenner-fecal agar media
Selective media for Enterococcus
34
MacConkey agar
Used for Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus
35
Aerobic Bacteria Broth Media
Cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton
36
Aerobic Bacteria Agar Media
Cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton
37
Anaerobic Bacteria Broth Media
brucella broth + hemin, vitamin K, and horse blood
38
Anaerobic Bacteria Agar Media
Brucella blood agar + hemin, vitamin K, and horse blood
39
Disc Diffusion
Dilute antibiotics, immerse filter paper and cut to size, place discs on a plate swabbed with bacteria, incubate, and measure diameter of inhibition zone
40
E Test
Make serial dilution of antibiotics, immerse filter paper, cut paper to strips, place strips on a plate swabbed with bacteria, determine last dilution that inhibited growth to determine minimum inhibitory concentration
41
Agar Dilution
Serially dilute agar with antibiotics and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration
42
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
Last concentration that inhibited bacterial growth
43
Macrodilution
Create serial dilutions of each antimicrobial, inoculate bacteria, determine minimum inhibitory concentration
44
Microdilution
Create serial dilutions in micro plate, inoculate and incubate, determine minimum inhibitory concentration
45
Quality Control
Include genetically stable known reference bacteria strains, results should match set standards
46
Control spreading AMR
Surveillance, educate, find alternatives

Bacteriology (44 decks)

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