Unit 1- Taxonomy

Question 1

Frank Pathogens

Answer 1

Cause disease in any host, considered a pathogen when isolated

Question 2

Opportunistic Pathogens

Answer 2

Capable of causing disease given the opportunity, often normal part of flora, capable of causing disease in normally sterile tissues

Question 3

Non-Pathogens

Answer 3

Can cause disease in hosts with weak immune system

Question 4

D=N*V/R

Answer 4

Disease equals number of organisms times virulence divided by resistance

Question 5

Bacterial Classification Schemes

Answer 5

Speed up identification using a limited number of characteristics

Question 6

Bacterial Nomenclature

Answer 6

Binomial system with specific naming conventions that assigns a genus and species

Question 7

Bacterial Identification

Answer 7

Based on morphological, biochemical, and serological traits

Question 8

Gram-Positive

Answer 8

Thick peptidoglycan wall and appear blue/violet after staining

Question 9

Gram-Negative

Answer 9

Thin peptidoglycan wall but lipid-rich outer membrane and appear red after staining

Question 10

Gram Stain Procedure

Answer 10

Make a thin smear, stain with crystal violet, stain with Gram’s iodine, stain with safranin, rinse

Question 11

Peptidoglycan Network

Answer 11

Lyseine and alanine are linked

Question 12

β-Lactams

Answer 12

Bind penicillin-binding proteins and inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis

Question 13

Lysozyme

Answer 13

Breaks bonds between tetrapeptides in peptidoglycan network

Question 14

Disruption of Peptidoglycan

Answer 14

Lysozyme or penicillin will cause cytoplasmic membrane blebbing, and fragmentation

Question 15

Acid Fast Bacteria

Answer 15

Mycolic acids connect muramic acid and lipids and prevent acid decolorization, staining red

Question 16

Lipopolysaccharide

Answer 16

Endotoxin in gram-negative bacterial outer membrane, promotes secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages

Question 17

Bacteremia

Answer 17

Bacteria in blood

Question 18

Endotoxic Shock

Answer 18

Continuing host response to endotoxin and inflammation cause disease

Question 19

Flagella

Answer 19

Filamentous appendages that allow for motility

Question 20

Glycocalyx

Answer 20

Capsule with a lipid anchor that is associated with the cell

Question 21

H Antigens

Answer 21

Flagella

Question 22

K antigens

Answer 22

Capsule antigens

Question 23

Exopolysaccharide

Answer 23

Slime layer surrounds capsule and forms biofilm

Question 24

Pili

Answer 24

Filamentous appendages that allow for adhesion and sex pili, highly antigenic and can be used for diagnosis

Question 25

Fimbriae

Answer 25

Pili used for adhesion

Question 26

Sex Pili

Answer 26

Allow transfer of DNA between donor and recipient

Question 27

Fermentation

Answer 27

Anaerobic glycolysis, produces acids and alcohols

Question 28

Respiration

Answer 28

Aerobic oxidation

Question 29

Photosynthesis

Answer 29

Light absorbed by pigments to generate ATP

Question 30

Thermophiles

Answer 30

Prefer hot temperatures

Question 31

Mesophiles

Answer 31

Prefer warm temperatures

Question 32

Psychrophiles

Answer 32

Prefer cool temperatures

Question 33

Facultative Anaerobe

Answer 33

Grows with or without oxygen

Question 34

Microaerophile

Answer 34

Requires reduced oxygen

Question 35

Sugar breakdown

Answer 35

Aerobic oxidation or anaerobic fermentation

Question 36

Capnophile

Answer 36

Requires increased carbon dioxide

Question 37

Basic Media Types

Answer 37

Defined/simple or enriched/complex

Question 38

Identification Media

Answer 38

Differential, selective, enriched, transport

Question 39

MacConkey Agar

Answer 39

Differential media that changes color if the bacteria ferments lactose

Question 40

Stewart's Transport Medium

Answer 40

Used for transport of samples, helps scavenge oxygen to preserve anaerobes, semi-solid consistency to minimize oxygenation

Question 41

Metabolism

Answer 41

Net result of biochemical activities associated with catabolism and anabolism, leading to growth

Question 42

ATP

Answer 42

Generation synonymous with energy generation

Question 43

Metabolic Footprint

Answer 43

Byproducts associated with metabolism can be used to ID bacteria