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Systemic Pathology > Unit 1- Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Unit 1- Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle Membranes

A

Endomysium, perimysium around fascicles, and epimysium around entire muscle

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2
Q

Sarcomere

A

Structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle

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3
Q

Evaluation of muscle fibers

A

Contraction of muscle fibers can be precented by clamping before formalin fixing

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4
Q

Type I Muscle FIbers

A

Red, slow twitch, slow fatiguing fibers are rich in mitochondria, get energy from oxidative phosphorylation, and stain for SDH

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5
Q

Type II Muscle FIbers

A

White, fast twitch fibers get energy from glycolysis and stain darkly with myosin-ATPase reaction, used in short bursts of athletic activity

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6
Q

NADH Stain

A

Stains mitochondria, coloring type I fibers darker nlue

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7
Q

Pallor

A

Post mortem change, may be secondary to anemia, common in neonates and especially calves

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8
Q

Red Discoloration

A

Post mortem change due to rhabdomyolysis or putrefaction

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9
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

Post mortem contraction of muscles, starts in the jaws and moves caudally, starting after 2 hours and peaking after 24

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10
Q

Disturbances of Growth

A

Atrophy, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia

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11
Q

Reaction to Injury

A

Degeneration/necrosis, calcification, and regeneration

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12
Q

Congenital Inherited Defects

A

Arthrogryposis, muscular dystrophy, PSM, PSS

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13
Q

Nutritional Myopathy

A

White Muscle disease

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14
Q

Exertional Myopathies

A

Azoturia, HYPP, canine rhabdomyolysis, capture myopathy, compartment syndrome

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15
Q

Traumatic Myopathies

A

Downer syndrome, post-anesthetic myopathy, crush syndrome

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16
Q

Bacterial Inflammatory Diseases

A

Malignant edema, black leg

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17
Q

Parasitic Inflammatory Diseases

A

Trichinosis, cysticercosis, sarcocystosis, toxoplasmosis

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18
Q

Idiopathic Inflammatory Diseases

A

Canine masticatory myositis, canine dermatomyositis

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19
Q

Primary Neoplasia

A

Rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma

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20
Q

Denervation Atrophy

A

Damage to the nerve causes rapid loss of muscle mass, long standing denervation can result in fibrosis and steatosis, polio myelitis

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21
Q

Disuse Atrophy

A

Innervation is intact but atrophy is related to immobilization of the body part

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22
Q

Atrophy of Cachexia

A

Depletion of fat stores and reduction of type II fibers in muscle mass occurs slowly over time

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23
Q

Laryngeal Hemiplasia

A

Roarer horses, left crico-arytenoideus dorsalis muscle atrophies due to recurrent laryngeal neuropathy

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24
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased size in muscle fibers due to increased work load, can be enhanced by steroids

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25
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increased number of muscle fibers

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26
Q

Double Muscling

A

Beef cattle have hyperplasia due to an inherited defect in the myostatin gene, cases dystocia, bully whippet syndrome in whippet dogs

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27
Q

Degeneration

A

Sequel to myofiber injury that occurs segmentally along the myofiber, can be reversible with preservation of basement membrane and satellite cells

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28
Q

Necrosis

A

Destruction of basement membrane and satellite cells causes irreversible damage in cases of severe injury

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29
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

Release of myoglobin in the interstitium

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30
Q

Microscopic Myofiber Degeneration

A

Swollen rounded cells, more eosinophilic, sarcoplasm becomes more homogenous, hypercontraction

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31
Q

Calcification

A

Sequel to degeneration, mitochondrial calcium overload causes white, chalky, gritti foci

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32
Q

Muscle Repair

A

Intact basement membrane provides framework for satellite cells to become myoblasts and form multinucleated cellular bands

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33
Q

Scarring

A

Disruptive trauma causes fibrous connective tissue to replace muscle during repair

34
Q

Nuclear Rowing

A

Sign of muscle regeneration, myoblasts line up during repair

35
Q

Determining Lesion Cause

A

Assessing distribution and duration of lesions

36
Q

Monophasic Lesion

A

Acute injury and regeneration occurs all at once

37
Q

Polyphasic Lesion

A

Chronic injury and regeneration occurs in different stages

38
Q

Focal Monophasic Injury

A

Occurs due to a single incident; IM injection

39
Q

Multifocal Monophasic Injury

A

Single exposure to strenuous exercise or muscle toxin

40
Q

Polyphasic Muscle Injury

A

White muscle disease, muscular dystrophy, ongoing injury causes both degeneration and regeneration to be observed

41
Q

Arthrogryposis

A

Aborted cattle and sheep with rigid joints and grotesque limbs, associated with damage to CNS and denervation of muscles or in-utero toxins or infections

42
Q

Muscle Dystrophy

A

Genetic, progressive degenerative muscle disease, inadequate regeneration

43
Q

Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy

A

Mouse, dog, cat, and human lack dystrophin that strengthens muscle and protects it

44
Q

X-Linked Dystrophin Defect

A

Affected golden retrievers have muscle degeneration and fibrosis, characteristic splaying of forelimbs

45
Q

Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy

A

Quarter horses exhibit hind limb lameness, reduced muscle mass, and PAS accumulation in type II fibers

46
Q

Porcine Stress Syndrome

A

Mutation in the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor gene causes heavy-muscle pigs to overheat, not breathe, cardiac collapse, and death when stressed.

47
Q

PSS Pathogenesis

A

Defect in the ryanodine receptor causes uncontrolled Ca release and excessive muscle contraction and heat

48
Q

Extramuscular PSS Lesions

A

Acute heart failure, pulmonary edema and congestion, hydropericardium, hydrothorax, hepatic congestion

49
Q

PSS Muscular Lesions

A

Pale, swollen, wet muscles of the back thighs and shoulders, and retraction caps and myofiber degeneration

50
Q

White Muscle Disease

A

Vit E/Selenium deficiency in young ruminants and piglets allows oxidative damage to skeletal muscles and heart, lameness and reluctance to move

51
Q

White Muscle Disease Affected Muscles

A

intercostals, diaphragm, thigh and shoulder muscles, tongue and neck in nursing calves

52
Q

White Muscle in Lambs

A

Right side of the heart

53
Q

White muscle in calves

A

Left side of the heart

54
Q

Exertional Myopathies

A

Muscle damage initiated by muscle activity

55
Q

Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis

A

Linked to Impressive quarter horse descendants, alteration in sodium channel allowed potassium release leading to transient muscle spasms, flaccid paralysis, and death

56
Q

Equine Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

A

Monday morning disease, heavy horse breeds worked hard during the week have sweating, heavy breathing, and stiff hind leg muscles after resting on weekends

57
Q

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Death

A

Tearing of muscles releases nephrotoxin myoglobin, leading to death

58
Q

Capture Myopathy

A

Acute disease in wildlife that are chased during capture or transport leading to muscle degeneration, necrosis, and hemorrhage, myoglobinuric nephrosis may occur

59
Q

Compartment Syndrome

A

Ischemic damage in muscles surrounded by heavy tissue sheaths when subject to vigorous contraction, areas of scarring occur instead of regeneration

60
Q

Compartment Syndrome Poultry

A

Occurs in supracoracoideus in poultry after vigorous wing flapping

61
Q

Downer Syndrome

A

Ischemic necrosis of ventral and limb muscles after recumbency in cows and heavy animals

62
Q

Equine Post Anesthetic Myopathy

A

Ischemic damage in horses after anesthetic is used

63
Q

Crush Syndrome

A

Similar to Downer’s, caused by acute trauma

64
Q

Rupture of Diaphragm

A

Sudden increase of intra-abdominal pressure in dogs, cats, and horses

65
Q

Rupture of Gasctrocnemius

A

Spontaneous rupture in racing greyhounds and horses

66
Q

Tearing of Adductor

A

Occurs in cows that do the splits on slippery floors, severe damage to basement membrane results in fibrosis

67
Q

Malignant Edema

A

Gas gangrene, wound infection with anaerobic clostridia, inducing extensive muscle necrosis, secondary to deep puncture in domestic ruminants

68
Q

Black Leg

A

Activation of latent Clostridium chauvoei spores after being ingested causes rapid death in cattle, air bubbles will be palpable in scapular or thigh area

69
Q

Black Leg Lesions

A

Characteristic in thigh and scapular region, also in tongue and heart

70
Q

Trichinosis

A

Larvae encyst in tongue, masseter, diaphragm, intercostals, and ocular muscles of pork, bears, and aquatic animals and infect human when poorly cooked

71
Q

Cysticercosis

A

Taenia tapeworm larvae encysted in muscle of intermediate hosts, causes cysticercosis in humans when eggs are ingested

72
Q

Sarcocystosis

A

Cone shaped protozoal bradyzoites in cysts in striated muscle, may lead to abortion

73
Q

Toxoplasma

A

Can cause muscle lesions, important cause of abortion in sheep

74
Q

Masticatory Myositis

A

Antibodies formed against type 2M myosin causing swollen painful jaw and atrophy, german shepherds predisposed

75
Q

2M Myosin

A

Unique myosin isoform in masticatory muscles

76
Q

Acute Masticatory Myositis

A

Eosinophilic myositis

77
Q

Acute masticatory myositis

A

Atrophic myositis

78
Q

Dermatomyositis

A

Dermatitis and myositis in masticatory muscles in collies and shelties, spontaneous recovery

79
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

Benign congenital tumor originating in the heart, common in cattle, sheep, and pigs

80
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Metaplastic tumors arise from areas with no striated muscle, occurs in head and neck in young animals

Systemic Pathology (12 decks)

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