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Systemic Pathology > Unit 1- Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Unit 1- Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Muscle Membranes

A

Endomysium, perimysium around fascicles, and epimysium around entire muscle

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2
Q

Sarcomere

A

Structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle

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3
Q

Evaluation of muscle fibers

A

Contraction of muscle fibers can be precented by clamping before formalin fixing

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4
Q

Type I Muscle FIbers

A

Red, slow twitch, slow fatiguing fibers are rich in mitochondria, get energy from oxidative phosphorylation, and stain for SDH

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5
Q

Type II Muscle FIbers

A

White, fast twitch fibers get energy from glycolysis and stain darkly with myosin-ATPase reaction, used in short bursts of athletic activity

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6
Q

NADH Stain

A

Stains mitochondria, coloring type I fibers darker nlue

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7
Q

Pallor

A

Post mortem change, may be secondary to anemia, common in neonates and especially calves

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8
Q

Red Discoloration

A

Post mortem change due to rhabdomyolysis or putrefaction

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9
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

Post mortem contraction of muscles, starts in the jaws and moves caudally, starting after 2 hours and peaking after 24

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10
Q

Disturbances of Growth

A

Atrophy, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia

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11
Q

Reaction to Injury

A

Degeneration/necrosis, calcification, and regeneration

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12
Q

Congenital Inherited Defects

A

Arthrogryposis, muscular dystrophy, PSM, PSS

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13
Q

Nutritional Myopathy

A

White Muscle disease

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14
Q

Exertional Myopathies

A

Azoturia, HYPP, canine rhabdomyolysis, capture myopathy, compartment syndrome

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15
Q

Traumatic Myopathies

A

Downer syndrome, post-anesthetic myopathy, crush syndrome

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16
Q

Bacterial Inflammatory Diseases

A

Malignant edema, black leg

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17
Q

Parasitic Inflammatory Diseases

A

Trichinosis, cysticercosis, sarcocystosis, toxoplasmosis

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18
Q

Idiopathic Inflammatory Diseases

A

Canine masticatory myositis, canine dermatomyositis

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19
Q

Primary Neoplasia

A

Rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma

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20
Q

Denervation Atrophy

A

Damage to the nerve causes rapid loss of muscle mass, long standing denervation can result in fibrosis and steatosis, polio myelitis

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21
Q

Disuse Atrophy

A

Innervation is intact but atrophy is related to immobilization of the body part

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22
Q

Atrophy of Cachexia

A

Depletion of fat stores and reduction of type II fibers in muscle mass occurs slowly over time

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23
Q

Laryngeal Hemiplasia

A

Roarer horses, left crico-arytenoideus dorsalis muscle atrophies due to recurrent laryngeal neuropathy

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24
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased size in muscle fibers due to increased work load, can be enhanced by steroids

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25
Hyperplasia
Increased number of muscle fibers
26
Double Muscling
Beef cattle have hyperplasia due to an inherited defect in the myostatin gene, cases dystocia, bully whippet syndrome in whippet dogs
27
Degeneration
Sequel to myofiber injury that occurs segmentally along the myofiber, can be reversible with preservation of basement membrane and satellite cells
28
Necrosis
Destruction of basement membrane and satellite cells causes irreversible damage in cases of severe injury
29
Rhabdomyolysis
Release of myoglobin in the interstitium
30
Microscopic Myofiber Degeneration
Swollen rounded cells, more eosinophilic, sarcoplasm becomes more homogenous, hypercontraction
31
Calcification
Sequel to degeneration, mitochondrial calcium overload causes white, chalky, gritti foci
32
Muscle Repair
Intact basement membrane provides framework for satellite cells to become myoblasts and form multinucleated cellular bands
33
Scarring
Disruptive trauma causes fibrous connective tissue to replace muscle during repair
34
Nuclear Rowing
Sign of muscle regeneration, myoblasts line up during repair
35
Determining Lesion Cause
Assessing distribution and duration of lesions
36
Monophasic Lesion
Acute injury and regeneration occurs all at once
37
Polyphasic Lesion
Chronic injury and regeneration occurs in different stages
38
Focal Monophasic Injury
Occurs due to a single incident; IM injection
39
Multifocal Monophasic Injury
Single exposure to strenuous exercise or muscle toxin
40
Polyphasic Muscle Injury
White muscle disease, muscular dystrophy, ongoing injury causes both degeneration and regeneration to be observed
41
Arthrogryposis
Aborted cattle and sheep with rigid joints and grotesque limbs, associated with damage to CNS and denervation of muscles or in-utero toxins or infections
42
Muscle Dystrophy
Genetic, progressive degenerative muscle disease, inadequate regeneration
43
Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
Mouse, dog, cat, and human lack dystrophin that strengthens muscle and protects it
44
X-Linked Dystrophin Defect
Affected golden retrievers have muscle degeneration and fibrosis, characteristic splaying of forelimbs
45
Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy
Quarter horses exhibit hind limb lameness, reduced muscle mass, and PAS accumulation in type II fibers
46
Porcine Stress Syndrome
Mutation in the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor gene causes heavy-muscle pigs to overheat, not breathe, cardiac collapse, and death when stressed.
47
PSS Pathogenesis
Defect in the ryanodine receptor causes uncontrolled Ca release and excessive muscle contraction and heat
48
Extramuscular PSS Lesions
Acute heart failure, pulmonary edema and congestion, hydropericardium, hydrothorax, hepatic congestion
49
PSS Muscular Lesions
Pale, swollen, wet muscles of the back thighs and shoulders, and retraction caps and myofiber degeneration
50
White Muscle Disease
Vit E/Selenium deficiency in young ruminants and piglets allows oxidative damage to skeletal muscles and heart, lameness and reluctance to move
51
White Muscle Disease Affected Muscles
intercostals, diaphragm, thigh and shoulder muscles, tongue and neck in nursing calves
52
White Muscle in Lambs
Right side of the heart
53
White muscle in calves
Left side of the heart
54
Exertional Myopathies
Muscle damage initiated by muscle activity
55
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
Linked to Impressive quarter horse descendants, alteration in sodium channel allowed potassium release leading to transient muscle spasms, flaccid paralysis, and death
56
Equine Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Monday morning disease, heavy horse breeds worked hard during the week have sweating, heavy breathing, and stiff hind leg muscles after resting on weekends
57
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Death
Tearing of muscles releases nephrotoxin myoglobin, leading to death
58
Capture Myopathy
Acute disease in wildlife that are chased during capture or transport leading to muscle degeneration, necrosis, and hemorrhage, myoglobinuric nephrosis may occur
59
Compartment Syndrome
Ischemic damage in muscles surrounded by heavy tissue sheaths when subject to vigorous contraction, areas of scarring occur instead of regeneration
60
Compartment Syndrome Poultry
Occurs in supracoracoideus in poultry after vigorous wing flapping
61
Downer Syndrome
Ischemic necrosis of ventral and limb muscles after recumbency in cows and heavy animals
62
Equine Post Anesthetic Myopathy
Ischemic damage in horses after anesthetic is used
63
Crush Syndrome
Similar to Downer's, caused by acute trauma
64
Rupture of Diaphragm
Sudden increase of intra-abdominal pressure in dogs, cats, and horses
65
Rupture of Gasctrocnemius
Spontaneous rupture in racing greyhounds and horses
66
Tearing of Adductor
Occurs in cows that do the splits on slippery floors, severe damage to basement membrane results in fibrosis
67
Malignant Edema
Gas gangrene, wound infection with anaerobic clostridia, inducing extensive muscle necrosis, secondary to deep puncture in domestic ruminants
68
Black Leg
Activation of latent Clostridium chauvoei spores after being ingested causes rapid death in cattle, air bubbles will be palpable in scapular or thigh area
69
Black Leg Lesions
Characteristic in thigh and scapular region, also in tongue and heart
70
Trichinosis
Larvae encyst in tongue, masseter, diaphragm, intercostals, and ocular muscles of pork, bears, and aquatic animals and infect human when poorly cooked
71
Cysticercosis
Taenia tapeworm larvae encysted in muscle of intermediate hosts, causes cysticercosis in humans when eggs are ingested
72
Sarcocystosis
Cone shaped protozoal bradyzoites in cysts in striated muscle, may lead to abortion
73
Toxoplasma
Can cause muscle lesions, important cause of abortion in sheep
74
Masticatory Myositis
Antibodies formed against type 2M myosin causing swollen painful jaw and atrophy, german shepherds predisposed
75
2M Myosin
Unique myosin isoform in masticatory muscles
76
Acute Masticatory Myositis
Eosinophilic myositis
77
Acute masticatory myositis
Atrophic myositis
78
Dermatomyositis
Dermatitis and myositis in masticatory muscles in collies and shelties, spontaneous recovery
79
Rhabdomyoma
Benign congenital tumor originating in the heart, common in cattle, sheep, and pigs
80
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Metaplastic tumors arise from areas with no striated muscle, occurs in head and neck in young animals

Systemic Pathology (12 decks)

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