Unit 3- Cardiovascular

Question 1

Compensatory Cardiac Mechanisms

Answer 1

Cardiac dilatation to increase contractile force, myocardial hypertrophy, increase in heart rate, increase in peripheral resistance, redistribution of blood flow

Question 2

Reversible Cardiac Changes

Answer 2

Fatty degeneration, vacuolar degeneration, fatty infiltration, myocytolysis

Question 3

Irreversible Cardiac Changes

Answer 3

Lipofuscinosis and neoplasia

Question 4

Heart Healing

Answer 4

Hyaline necrosis occurs, macrophages invade, and healing by fibrosis leaves a scar

Question 5

Thickness Ratio

Answer 5

Left to right 3:1

Question 6

Umbilical vein

Answer 6

Blood source to fetus

Question 7

Umbilical Artery

Answer 7

Blood drains from fetus

Question 8

Fetal Blood Flow

Answer 8

Blood enters caudal vena cava from umbilical vein, passes R to L through foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus carries blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta

Question 9

Serous Atrophy of Heart

Answer 9

Poor nutrition state causes fat of coronary groove to be utilized

Question 10

Cardiac Syncope

Answer 10

Acute onset of cardiac failure causing collapse and unconsciousness

Question 11

Congestive Heart Failure

Answer 11

Gradual loss of cardiac output due to pressure or volume overload, blood accumulates on venous side

Question 12

Brisket Edema

Answer 12

High altitude disease of bulls, R heart pumps excessively to the lungs and creates pulmonary hypertension

Question 13

R sided Heart Failure

Answer 13

Causes ascites and hepatic congestion leading to nutmeg liver

Question 14

Valvular Hematocyst

Answer 14

Remnants of fetal blood vessels can form hematocysts

Question 15

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 15

Ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonic stenosis, R ventricular hypertrophy in keeshonds and english bulldogs

Question 16

Pulmonic Stenosis

Answer 16

Causes secondary R ventricular hypertrophy to compensate

Question 17

Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis

Answer 17

Frequent in dogs, connective tissue closes the aorta, blood enters with force and causes dilatation of aorta and L ventricular hypertrophy

Question 18

Tricuspid Dysplasia

Answer 18

Most common in cats

Question 19

Ventricular Septal Defect

Answer 19

Hole between ventricle and atrium, overload in R ventricle leads to hypertrophy and R sided heart failure

Question 20

Jet Lesions

Answer 20

Endocardial fibrosis caused by jets of blood on myocardium

Question 21

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 21

Common defect in all species, link from pulmonary trunk to aorta is retained as adults, leads to pulmonary hypertension

Question 22

Persistent Right Aortic Arch

Answer 22

Aorta should be left of trachea, on the right the ligamentum arteriosum causes dysphagia and megaeophagus in german shepherd, irish setter, and great dane

Question 23

Hemopericardium

Answer 23

Trauma or ruptured hemangiosarcoma, constricts heart contraction causing cardiac tamponade

Question 24

Mulberry Heart Disease

Answer 24

Vitamin E/selenium deficiency causes hepatosis dietetica and mulberry heart, pericardium full of fibrin and mottled heart, sudden death of healthy pigs

Question 25

Black Leg

Answer 25

Fibrinous pericarditis, bubbles caused by Clostridium chauvei

Question 26

Hardware Disease

Answer 26

Foreign bodies puncture through pericardium from reticulum, adhesion between reticulum and diaphragm

Question 27

Endocardial Mineralization

Answer 27

Excessive vitamin D or calcinogenic plants or Johne's disease

Question 28

Valvular Endocardiosis

Answer 28

Degeneration of valvular collagen in older male cavalier king charles spaniels

Question 29

Valvular Endocardiosis Pathology

Answer 29

Shortened and nodular cusps, hooding of valve, increased cordae tendinae tension leads to rupture and valvular insufficiency

Question 30

Most common cause of CHF in dogs

Answer 30

Valvular endocardiosis

Question 31

Endocarditis

Answer 31

Valves are predisposed to secondary bacterial infection

Question 32

Verrucous Endocarditis

Answer 32

chronic valvular lesions with wart like appearance, vegitative

Question 33

Erysipelas

Answer 33

Valvular endocarditis in pigs, emboli can reach kidney and cause renal infarct

Question 34

Renal Failure

Answer 34

Renal failure puts stress on the heart, causes endocarditis and mineralization, produces vasculitis in tongue, GI, and L atrium

Question 35

Dirofilariasis

Answer 35

Heartworms in pulmonary arteries and R ventricle of dog

Question 36

Endarteritis

Answer 36

Inflamed inside of pulmonary artery

Question 37

Necrosis and Mineralization Causes

Answer 37

Vitamin E/selenium deficiency in ruminants or ionophore toxicity in horses and ruminants, gossypol toxicity in pigs, and uremia in dogs and cats

Question 38

Nutritional Myopathy in Lambs

Answer 38

R side of heart has white brush strokes

Question 39

Ionophore Toxicity

Answer 39

Cattle extremely sensitive, leads to subtle lesions in heart

Question 40

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Answer 40

Common in large breed dog dog and other small animals

Question 41

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Answer 41

Common in cat

Question 42

Myocardial Disarray

Answer 42

Interweaving pattern of cardiac cells on histology

Question 43

Saddle Thrombus

Answer 43

Aorto-iliac thrombus at bifurcation of abdominal aorta

Question 44

Myocarditis

Answer 44

Secondary cardiomyopathy, result of hematogenous infection

Question 45

Cysticercosis

Answer 45

Larval taenia tapeworm from ingestion of taenia eggs causes larval stage in muscle

Question 46

Rhabdomyoma

Answer 46

Benign tumor of heart muscle

Question 47

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Answer 47

Malignant tumor of heart muscle

Question 48

Schwanomma

Answer 48

Benign tumor of cardiac nerves

Question 49

Hemangiosarcoma

Answer 49

Malignant endothelial cell tumor predilected to blood vessels on R atrium

Question 50

Heart Base Tumors

Answer 50

Aortic body tumors, sometimes ectopic thyroid or parathyroid tissue

Question 51

Chemodectoma

Answer 51

Heart base tumor of aortic body

Question 52

Anzootic Leukosis

Answer 52

Bovine leukemia causes secondary tumor to R ventricle

Question 53

Diamond Skin Disease

Answer 53

Arteritis causes multiple cutaneous infarcts in pigs with Erysipelothrix rhusopathiae

Question 54

Beagle Pain Syndrome

Answer 54

Idiopathic necrotizing polyarteritis in beagles in coronary and meningeal arterioles

Question 55

Fibrinoid Necrotizing Arteritis

Answer 55

Common in swine

Question 56

Edema Disease in Pigs

Answer 56

Enterotoxemic colibacillosis, enterotoxin from EHEC causes edema and gelatinous material in vertebrae

Question 57

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 57

Mineral deposition in wall of vessel

Question 58

Atherosclerosis

Answer 58

Deposition of mineral and lipid in wall of vessel

Question 59

Atherosclerosis Histology

Answer 59

Lipid deposition, cholesterol clefts, and focal mineralization

Question 60

Aneurism

Answer 60

Focal dilatation of vessel

Question 61

Dissecting Aneurism

Answer 61

Rupture of aneurism, coronary and renal arteries of male racing greyhounds

Question 62

Arterial Rupture

Answer 62

Can occur in uterine artery in mares with low serum copper for vessel health or fungi can cause rupture of internal carotid

Question 63

Aortic Rupture

Answer 63

Idiopathic rupture in horses at base of aorta

Question 64

Virchow Triad

Answer 64

Endothelial injury, hypercoagulability, and abnormal blood flow lead to thrombosis

Question 65

Pulmonary Thrombosis Dogs

Answer 65

Renal glomerular disease leads to protein losing nephropathy and loss of Antithrombin III, emboli can break off of thrombus and cause pulmonary thrombus