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Systemic Pathology > Unit 4- Avian > Flashcards

Unit 4- Avian Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Lead Toxicosis

A

Ingestion of lead, low pH from grains increases availability and toxicity, waterfowl, raptors, and loon

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2
Q

Bird Lead Susceptibility

A

Lead stays in gizzard and is ground down over time

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3
Q

Lead Dynamics

A

Ingested, attaches to albumin and RBC in blood, ubiquitous with long term deposition, neurotropism, excreted in bile, urine, milk, and skin

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4
Q

Lead Pathogenicity

A

Inhibits hemoglobin synthesis enzymes, inhibits nucleotidase weakening RBC, disrupts neuron and astrocyte metabolism, disrupts vascular endothelium metabolism

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5
Q

Lead Toxicosis Clinical Signs

A

Reluctance to fly, weakness, ataxia, flaccid neck in geese, roof shape wings, bile stained feathers around cloaca, emaciation, facial edema, impacted food in GI, lead in gizzard, reticular pattern in kidneys

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6
Q

Lead Toxicosis Histopathology

A

Fibrinoid necrosis of vessels, hemorrhage, and secondary ischemia or hemorrhage, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, acute tubuloepithelial degeneration and necrosis in kidneys or nephropathy and fibrosis if chronic

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7
Q

Lead Toxicosis Diagnosis

A

Antemortem lead levels in blood, postmortem lead levels in liver, kidney and bone, species specific values

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8
Q

Gout

A

Renal gout, visceral gout, or articular gout, urate crystals in renal tubules or serosal and synovial surfaces

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9
Q

Gout Causes

A

Impaired excretion of uric acid by kidneys due to dehydration, renal disease, post renal obstruction, nephrotoxins, nephropathogenic viruses, high protein overproduction of uric acid, and defects in uric acid metabolic enzymes

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10
Q

Acute Gout

A

Renal and visceral, little to no inflammation

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11
Q

Chronic Gout

A

Articular with granulomatous inflammation

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12
Q

Gout Pathogenesis

A

Hyperuricemia, monosodium urate tophi precipitation on renal tubules and visceral and synovial surfaces, attempted phagocytosis by macrophages, renal tubular epithelial necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis

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13
Q

Gout Clinical Signs

A

Little to no clinical signs for acute, difficulty flying and perching with inflamed feet for articular

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14
Q

Renal Gout Gross Findings

A

Enlarged kidneys with patchy/streaky appearance, ureters dilated and filled with urate calculi

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15
Q

Visceral Gout Gross Findings

A

Chalky patches on serous membrane of pericardium and hepatic capsule

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16
Q

Articular Gout Gross Findings

A

Swollen joints and tendon sheaths with chalky deposits, rupture of synovial membrane and skin

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17
Q

Tophi

A

Clusters of needle shaped birefringent crystals, pathognomonic of gout, associated with tissue necrosis and inflammation in acute form, surrounded by heterophilic and granulomatous inflammation in chronic

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18
Q

Gout Diagnosis

A

Chalky matertial and tophi, tophi can be stained for calcium with GMS and Von Kossa, but are water soluble

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19
Q

Fowl Diphtheria

A

Infectious laryngotracheitis, gallid herpesvirus type 1, alphaherpes, domestic chickens most common, peasants, peafowl, and turkeys

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20
Q

Infectious Laryngotracheitis Pathogenesis

A

Highly contagious, aerosols, syncitial cell formation, necrosis of tracheal mucosa, cellular immune response, latent carriers in trigeminal nerve ganglion

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21
Q

Epizootic Infectious Laryngotracheitis

A

Highly pathogenic form

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22
Q

Endemic Infectious Laryngotracheitis

A

Low pathogenic form

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23
Q

Infectious Laryngotracheitis Clinical Signs

A

High morbitidy moderate mortality, coughing, sneezing, head shaking, gasping for air, expectoration of bloody mucus

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24
Q

Infectious Laryngotracheitis Gross Findings

A

Tracheal mucosal necrosis and hemorrhage, occlusive pseudomembranes filling tracheal lumen, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, seromucous exudate

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25
Infectious Laryngotracheitis Histopathology
Tracheal mucosal necrosis, fibrinonecrotic psuedomembrane, syncitial cell formation, intranuclear inclusion bodies, mucosal ulceration, inflammation, squamous metaplasia
26
Infectious Laryngotracheitis Diagnosis
PCR, IFA, IHC, EM, isolation, serology not helpful because can't distinguish between infection and vaccine Ab
27
Infectious Laryngotracheitis Control
Vaccine, hygiene
28
Marek's Disease
Gallid herpesvirus 2, dsDNA, chickens most affected
29
Marek's Disease Pathogenesis
Highly infectious, chicks susceptible, feather dust and dander, lymphoproliferative
30
Marek's Disease Serotypes
1 oncogenic, 2 common in chicken, 3 in turkey
31
Marek's Disease Development
Phase 1 cell to cell infection after inhalation, viremia, immune cell infection, phase 2 latency in t cells, phase 3 replication in feather follicle epithelium, shedding in dander, spread to visceral epithelium and nervous system, phase 1 proliferative lymphoma
32
Classic Marek's Disease
Neurolymphomatosis, paralysis, torticollis when cervical nerves are infected, dilatation of crop and respiratory signs
33
Visceral Marek's Disease
Acute, lymphomatous tumors in viscera and skin
34
Ocular Lymphomatosis
Leukocyte infiltration of iris and loss of pigmentation causing grey eye
35
Cutaneous Marek's Disease
Enlarged feather follicles, alabama redleg from erythematous legs
36
Classic Marek's Disease Histopathology
Proliferative or inflammatory with demyelination causing paralysis in PNS, inflammatory with perivascular cuffing, microgliosis, and endotheliosis in CNS
37
Visceral Marek's Disease Histopathology
Lymphoid tumors with mixture of lymphocytes
38
Cutaneous Marek's Disease Histopathology
Dermatitis and lymphomatous proliferation around feather follicles and blood vessels, intranuclear inclusion bodies around feather follicle epithelium
39
Marek's Disease Diagnosis
Isolation, IFA, neutralization, PCR, IHC
40
Newcastle Disease
Avian paramyxovirus, ssRNA, reportable to OIE, does not cause paramyxovirus infection, chickens and varying strains and pathogenicity
41
Newcastle Transmission
Ingestion or inhalation of infected secretions, fomites from feces, velogenic strain is vertically transmitted and kills chicks
42
Newcastle Disease Pathogenesis
Replicates in mucosa of upper respiratory and intestine, viremia by binding to RBC, infects spleen and bone marrow, spreads to CNS and other organs
43
Velogenic Strains
Can be viscerotrophic or neurotrophic
44
Viscerotrophic Velogenic Newcastle Disease
Lethal to all ages, green diarrhea, weakness, anorexia, prostration, tremor
45
Neurotrophic Velogenic Newcastle Disease
More lethal in chicks, decrease in egg production, respiratory signs, nervous signs, weakness, tremor, torticollis, paralysis
46
Newcastle Gross Lesions
Necrotizing gastroenteritis and hemorrhage in VVND, or pneumonia and encephalitis in NVND
47
Newcastle Diagnosis
OIE does isolation and qPCR, hemagglutination in unvaccinated flocks, immunochromatographic strips
48
Newcastle Control
Live attenuated vaccines, hygiene
49
Newcastle Zoonosis
Rare, self limiting conjunctivitis, fever and headache
50
Bornavirus Disease
Avian bornavirus,, ssRNA, Macaw wasting disease, Psittacine Proventricular dilatation, proventricular dilation, neuropathic gastric dilatation, progressive neurologic disease of psittacines and geese
51
Bornavirus Pathogenesis
Autonomic nerves of upper and middle GI as well as CNS, inoculation or respiration and migration to nervous ganglia, retrograde axonal, psittacine carriers common
52
Bornavirus Clinical Signs
weight loss, crop stasis, proventricular dilatation, regurgitation, maldigestion, starvation, CNS signs, death
53
Bornavirus Gross Findings
Emaciation, flaccidity and dilation of GI, undigested seed in feces, no GI lesions if exclusively CNS, cardiomegaly, hydropericardium
54
Bornavirus Histopathology
Infiltrates in myenteric plexus, ganglia, peripheral nerves, brain, spinal cord, heart, adrenals, demyelination and perivascular cuffing in CNS
55
Bornavirus Diagnosis
Plucked feathers, IHC
56
Salmonellosis
Salmonella enterica, typhimurium, songbirds and garden birds, fecal oral cycle from bird feeders, vertical transmission of chickens
57
Songbird Salmonellosis Clinical Signs
Abnormally tame, weak, stay on feeders
58
Songbird Salmonellosis Gross Findings
Esophagitis, fibronecrotizing multifocal, necrosis, fibrinonecrotic pseudomembrane, gram - rods, emaciation, arthritis
59
Songbird Salmonellosis Diagnosis
Crop swap and liver tissue culture
60
Salmonellosis Control
Bring down feeders to reduce contact and crowding
61
Salmonellosis Zoonosis
Humans, cats
62
Mycoplasmosis
Finch strain, chronic respiratory disease, infectious sinusitis, house finch conjunctivitis, spread from west to east
63
Mycoplasmosis Pathogenesis
Direct contact transmission, targets ocular and nasal mucosa, adhesion to epithelium, cellular damage, inflammation, carriers
64
Mycoplasmosis Clinical Signs
Swollen eyelids, emaciation, predation
65
Mycoplasmosis Diagnosis
PCR, difficult to culture
66
Trichomoniasis
Wild birds, trophozoite protozoa, trichomonosis, canker in dove and pigeon, frounce in raptos
67
Trichomoniasis Pathogenesis
Crop milk, feeders, and regurgitated material transmission, tropism to oral cavity, esophagus, and cranial bones, binary fission replication, damage to mucosa and bones
68
Trichomoniasis Clinical Signs
Weakness, fluff, lack of predator response, regurgitation, crust around beak, emaciation
69
Trichominiasis Gross Findings
Caseous canker material in lumen of esophagus, thickened esophageal wall

Systemic Pathology (12 decks)

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