Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systemic Pathology > Unit 1- Bone > Flashcards

Unit 1- Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Chondrodysplasia

A

Premature growth plate closure due to rapid endochondral ossification causes deformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dexter Bulldogs

A

Dexter cattle susceptible to congenital lethal chondrodysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Micomelia

A

Shortening of the limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Micromelic Achondodysplasia

A

Short legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Brachiocephalic Achondrodysplasia

A

Short snout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cervico-Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy

A

Abnormal cervical vertebrae cause stenosis of the spinal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dynamic Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy

A

Clinical signs more prominent if neck is flexed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Static Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy

A

Clinical signs always severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

Osteoclast failure to reabsorb primary spongiosa, causes susceptibility to fracture and aplastic anemia due to lack of medullary spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Congenital Cortical Hyperostosis of Pigs

A

Forelimbs appear swollen due to deposition of bone outside periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Amelia

A

Absence of a limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hemimelia

A

Absence of the distal half of a limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Polymelia

A

Extra limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Phocomelia

A

Shortening of the long bones and seal limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Syndactyly

A

Digit fusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Polydactyly

A

Extra digits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lordosis

A

Ventral deviation of the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Kyphosis

A

Dorsal deviation of the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral deviation of the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Kyphoscoliosis

A

Dorso-lateral deviation of the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hemivertebra

A

Triangular malformed vertebra causing localized malformations of the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Swayback

A

Acquired lordosis in horses due to degenerative joint disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Angular Limb Deformities

A

Twisting of the bone, common in young animals and horses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Angular Limb Deformity Causes

A

Malposition in utero, joint laxity, hypothyroidism, trauma, malnutrition, impaired endochondral ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Varus Limb Deformity

A

Inward deviation, bow legged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Valgus Limb Deformity

A

Outward deviation, knock kneed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Osteodystrophies

A

Metabolic bone diseases, failure of production, maintenance, or mineralization of bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Osteodystrophy Causes

A

Disturbed bone growth, modeling, or remodeling due to nutritional or hormonal imbalance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Nutritional Metabolic Bone Disease

A

Deficiency in vitamin C, D, Ca, P, or protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hormonal Metabolic Bone Disease

A

PTH causes increased Ca resorption, estrogens, and corticosteroids cause osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Disuse Metabolic Bone Disease

A

Physical inactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Toxic Metabolic Bone Disease

A

Lead and fluoride poisoning, hypervitaminosis A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Domestic animal cause of MBD

A

Most often by nutritional deficiency of more than one nutrient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Decreased amount of bone but bone remains normal, susceptible to fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Nutritional Osteoporosis

A

Starvation most common in animals, Cu deficiency, vitamin C deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Aging Osteoporosis

A

Resorption outpaced bone formation with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Serous Atrophy

A

Fat becomes gelatinous and translucent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Rickets

A

Defective calcification of osteoid and abnormal mineralization of cartilage matrix affecting young animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Rickets Cause

A

Usually vitamin D or phosphorus deficiency

40
Q

Rickets Lesions

A

Irregular growth plate thickening, enlarged ends of long bones, enlarged costochondral junctions, bowed long bones, hemorrhage beneath cartilage, fracture, ribs bend at necropsy

41
Q

Rachitic Rosary

A

Enlargement of costochondral joints

42
Q

Osteodystrophic lines

A

Growth arrest lines indicate periods of malnutrition

43
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Failure in mineralization of osteoid due to vitamin D or P deficiency occurring in adult animals with closed growth plates

44
Q

Fibrous Osteodystrophy

A

Extensive bone resorption and replacement by fibrous connective tissue and poorly mineralized immature bone due to hyperparathyroidism

45
Q

Common animals with fibrous osteodystrophy

A

Horses, pigs, dogs, cats, reptiles, and new world monkeys

46
Q

Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Fibrous Osteodystrophy

A

Parathyroid adenomas in dogs causes excess PTH and hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia, causes thyroid C cell hyperplasia, hypercalcemic nephropathy, and metastatic soft tissue mineralization

47
Q

Hypercalcemic Nephropathy

A

Deposition of calcium in kidneys

48
Q

Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and Fibrous Osteodystrophy

A

Deficiency of Ca or vitamin D or excess P affects young animals and causes replacement of bone by fibrous connective tissue

49
Q

Bran Disease

A

Big head in horses, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism causes fibrous osteodystrophy

50
Q

Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and Fibrous Osteodystrophy

A

P retention due to loss of glomerular function and inadequate calcitriol synthesis occurring commonly in dogs

51
Q

Rubber Jaw

A

Renal osteodystrophy in dogs causes bones of the head to become swollen and firm rather than hard, teeth are mobile and malpositioned, gums are swollen

52
Q

Lead Poisoning

A

Lead interferes with osteoclast activity and forms lead line of increased bone density in metaphysis

53
Q

Metaphysis

A

Growth Plate

54
Q

Hypervitaminosis A

A

Causes deforming or ankylosing cervical spondylosis in cats that consume bovine livers

55
Q

Deforming Cervical Spondylosis

A

Formation of osteophytes on cervical vertebrae causes lameness and neurological signs

56
Q

Ankylosis

A

Fixation of a joint

57
Q

Osteophytes

A

Nodules of bone on the periosteal surface

58
Q

Necrosis

A

Death of osteocytes due to ischemic injury

59
Q

Sequestrum

A

A piece of necrotic bone isolated from the remaining viable vone

60
Q

Involucrum

A

Area of granulation tissue around the sequestrum

61
Q

Traumatic Fracture

A

Broken by excessive force

62
Q

Pathologic Fracture

A

Abnormal bone broken by minimal trauma or normal weight bearing

63
Q

Closed Fracture

A

Simple; soft tissue around the bone is still intact

64
Q

Open Fracture

A

Compound; bone ruptures the soft tissue

65
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

Bone breaks into several small fragments

66
Q

Avulsed Fracture

A

Caused by the pull of a ligament or tendon at its insertion

67
Q

Microfracture/Infraction

A

Fracturing of trabeculae without external cortical deformation

68
Q

Sequel to pig tail biting

A

Infection travels to vertebrae and causes an abscess that may rupture and result in pathologic fracture and compression of the spinal cord

69
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Common in dogs

70
Q

Fracture Repair

A

Hematoma forms, mesh facilitates fibroblast accumulation and blood vessel formation, inflammatory cells absorb necrotic debris and stimulate osteoprogenitor cells, callus forms and then bone heals

71
Q

Age and Bone Healing

A

Healing capacity decreases with age

72
Q

Rib Fracture Healing

A

It is challenging to stabilize the ribs so callus will be replaced by bone and may still be thickened

73
Q

Fracture Complications

A

Bone necrosis and sequestrum formation, pseudoarthritis formation, osteomyelitis from compound fractures, cachexia if unable to feed

74
Q

Pseudoarthritis

A

Formation of a false joint

75
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation in the bone. common in young animals

76
Q

Aseptic Inflammation

A

Trauma can cause osteoperositis with formation of osteophytes

77
Q

Source of Osteomyelitis

A

Omphalophlebitis in neonates

78
Q

Omphalophlebitis

A

Umbilical vein infection

79
Q

Osteomyelitis Localization

A

The vertebral bodies in piglets or the metaphyses of long bones

80
Q

Long Bone Vessels

A

Small vessels loop as they approach the metaphysis and can trap infection, inflammation can spread and cause osteomyelitis

81
Q

Draining Sinus

A

Tracks of drainage can extend into the joints or skin

82
Q

Cause of necrosis in foals

A

Salmonella

83
Q

Gram positive filamentous bacteria in sulfur granules causing characteristic bone maceration

A

Actinomyces bovis

84
Q

Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy

A

Maries disease, periosteal bone proliferation in the long bones caused by a space occupying lesion in the thoracic cavity

85
Q

Causes of Maries Disease

A

Space occupying lesions in the thoracic cavity, rhabdomyosarcomas of the urinary bladder in dogs, and ovarian tumors in mares

86
Q

Canine Craniomandibular Osteopathy

A

Lion Jaw, proliferation of osteophytes on the bones of the head and mandible

87
Q

Lion Jaw Breed

A

West Highland White Terriers

88
Q

Common Tumors

A

Primary tumors

89
Q

Dog Tumors

A

Malignant

90
Q

Horse and Cattle Tumors

A

Benign Tumors

91
Q

Osteoma Species

A

Large animal

92
Q

Osteosarcoma Species

A

Dogs

93
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Common in large breed male dogs, close to the knee and away from the elbow

94
Q

Osteosarcoma Metastasis Site

A

Lungs

95
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

Flat bones affected, rare in species besides dogs, malignant

Systemic Pathology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions