Unit 1- Bone Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Chondrodysplasia
A
Premature growth plate closure due to rapid endochondral ossification causes deformity
2
Q
Dexter Bulldogs
A
Dexter cattle susceptible to congenital lethal chondrodysplasia
3
Q
Micomelia
A
Shortening of the limbs
4
Q
Micromelic Achondodysplasia
A
Short legs
5
Q
Brachiocephalic Achondrodysplasia
A
Short snout
6
Q
Cervico-Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy
A
Abnormal cervical vertebrae cause stenosis of the spinal canal
7
Q
Dynamic Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy
A
Clinical signs more prominent if neck is flexed
8
Q
Static Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy
A
Clinical signs always severe
9
Q
Osteopetrosis
A
Osteoclast failure to reabsorb primary spongiosa, causes susceptibility to fracture and aplastic anemia due to lack of medullary spaces
10
Q
Congenital Cortical Hyperostosis of Pigs
A
Forelimbs appear swollen due to deposition of bone outside periosteum
11
Q
Amelia
A
Absence of a limb
12
Q
Hemimelia
A
Absence of the distal half of a limb
13
Q
Polymelia
A
Extra limbs
14
Q
Phocomelia
A
Shortening of the long bones and seal limbs
15
Q
Syndactyly
A
Digit fusion
16
Q
Polydactyly
A
Extra digits
17
Q
Lordosis
A
Ventral deviation of the vertebral column
18
Q
Kyphosis
A
Dorsal deviation of the vertebral column
19
Q
Scoliosis
A
Lateral deviation of the vertebral column
20
Q
Kyphoscoliosis
A
Dorso-lateral deviation of the vertebral column
21
Q
Hemivertebra
A
Triangular malformed vertebra causing localized malformations of the vertebral column
22
Q
Swayback
A
Acquired lordosis in horses due to degenerative joint disease
23
Q
Angular Limb Deformities
A
Twisting of the bone, common in young animals and horses
24
Q
Angular Limb Deformity Causes
A
Malposition in utero, joint laxity, hypothyroidism, trauma, malnutrition, impaired endochondral ossification
25
Varus Limb Deformity
Inward deviation, bow legged
26
Valgus Limb Deformity
Outward deviation, knock kneed
27
Osteodystrophies
Metabolic bone diseases, failure of production, maintenance, or mineralization of bone matrix
28
Osteodystrophy Causes
Disturbed bone growth, modeling, or remodeling due to nutritional or hormonal imbalance
29
Nutritional Metabolic Bone Disease
Deficiency in vitamin C, D, Ca, P, or protein
30
Hormonal Metabolic Bone Disease
PTH causes increased Ca resorption, estrogens, and corticosteroids cause osteoporosis
31
Disuse Metabolic Bone Disease
Physical inactivity
32
Toxic Metabolic Bone Disease
Lead and fluoride poisoning, hypervitaminosis A
33
Domestic animal cause of MBD
Most often by nutritional deficiency of more than one nutrient
34
Osteoporosis
Decreased amount of bone but bone remains normal, susceptible to fracture
35
Nutritional Osteoporosis
Starvation most common in animals, Cu deficiency, vitamin C deficiency
36
Aging Osteoporosis
Resorption outpaced bone formation with age
37
Serous Atrophy
Fat becomes gelatinous and translucent
38
Rickets
Defective calcification of osteoid and abnormal mineralization of cartilage matrix affecting young animals
39
Rickets Cause
Usually vitamin D or phosphorus deficiency
40
Rickets Lesions
Irregular growth plate thickening, enlarged ends of long bones, enlarged costochondral junctions, bowed long bones, hemorrhage beneath cartilage, fracture, ribs bend at necropsy
41
Rachitic Rosary
Enlargement of costochondral joints
42
Osteodystrophic lines
Growth arrest lines indicate periods of malnutrition
43
Osteomalacia
Failure in mineralization of osteoid due to vitamin D or P deficiency occurring in adult animals with closed growth plates
44
Fibrous Osteodystrophy
Extensive bone resorption and replacement by fibrous connective tissue and poorly mineralized immature bone due to hyperparathyroidism
45
Common animals with fibrous osteodystrophy
Horses, pigs, dogs, cats, reptiles, and new world monkeys
46
Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Fibrous Osteodystrophy
Parathyroid adenomas in dogs causes excess PTH and hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia, causes thyroid C cell hyperplasia, hypercalcemic nephropathy, and metastatic soft tissue mineralization
47
Hypercalcemic Nephropathy
Deposition of calcium in kidneys
48
Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and Fibrous Osteodystrophy
Deficiency of Ca or vitamin D or excess P affects young animals and causes replacement of bone by fibrous connective tissue
49
Bran Disease
Big head in horses, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism causes fibrous osteodystrophy
50
Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and Fibrous Osteodystrophy
P retention due to loss of glomerular function and inadequate calcitriol synthesis occurring commonly in dogs
51
Rubber Jaw
Renal osteodystrophy in dogs causes bones of the head to become swollen and firm rather than hard, teeth are mobile and malpositioned, gums are swollen
52
Lead Poisoning
Lead interferes with osteoclast activity and forms lead line of increased bone density in metaphysis
53
Metaphysis
Growth Plate
54
Hypervitaminosis A
Causes deforming or ankylosing cervical spondylosis in cats that consume bovine livers
55
Deforming Cervical Spondylosis
Formation of osteophytes on cervical vertebrae causes lameness and neurological signs
56
Ankylosis
Fixation of a joint
57
Osteophytes
Nodules of bone on the periosteal surface
58
Necrosis
Death of osteocytes due to ischemic injury
59
Sequestrum
A piece of necrotic bone isolated from the remaining viable vone
60
Involucrum
Area of granulation tissue around the sequestrum
61
Traumatic Fracture
Broken by excessive force
62
Pathologic Fracture
Abnormal bone broken by minimal trauma or normal weight bearing
63
Closed Fracture
Simple; soft tissue around the bone is still intact
64
Open Fracture
Compound; bone ruptures the soft tissue
65
Comminuted Fracture
Bone breaks into several small fragments
66
Avulsed Fracture
Caused by the pull of a ligament or tendon at its insertion
67
Microfracture/Infraction
Fracturing of trabeculae without external cortical deformation
68
Sequel to pig tail biting
Infection travels to vertebrae and causes an abscess that may rupture and result in pathologic fracture and compression of the spinal cord
69
Osteosarcoma
Common in dogs
70
Fracture Repair
Hematoma forms, mesh facilitates fibroblast accumulation and blood vessel formation, inflammatory cells absorb necrotic debris and stimulate osteoprogenitor cells, callus forms and then bone heals
71
Age and Bone Healing
Healing capacity decreases with age
72
Rib Fracture Healing
It is challenging to stabilize the ribs so callus will be replaced by bone and may still be thickened
73
Fracture Complications
Bone necrosis and sequestrum formation, pseudoarthritis formation, osteomyelitis from compound fractures, cachexia if unable to feed
74
Pseudoarthritis
Formation of a false joint
75
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation in the bone. common in young animals
76
Aseptic Inflammation
Trauma can cause osteoperositis with formation of osteophytes
77
Source of Osteomyelitis
Omphalophlebitis in neonates
78
Omphalophlebitis
Umbilical vein infection
79
Osteomyelitis Localization
The vertebral bodies in piglets or the metaphyses of long bones
80
Long Bone Vessels
Small vessels loop as they approach the metaphysis and can trap infection, inflammation can spread and cause osteomyelitis
81
Draining Sinus
Tracks of drainage can extend into the joints or skin
82
Cause of necrosis in foals
Salmonella
83
Gram positive filamentous bacteria in sulfur granules causing characteristic bone maceration
Actinomyces bovis
84
Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy
Maries disease, periosteal bone proliferation in the long bones caused by a space occupying lesion in the thoracic cavity
85
Causes of Maries Disease
Space occupying lesions in the thoracic cavity, rhabdomyosarcomas of the urinary bladder in dogs, and ovarian tumors in mares
86
Canine Craniomandibular Osteopathy
Lion Jaw, proliferation of osteophytes on the bones of the head and mandible
87
Lion Jaw Breed
West Highland White Terriers
88
Common Tumors
Primary tumors
89
Dog Tumors
Malignant
90
Horse and Cattle Tumors
Benign Tumors
91
Osteoma Species
Large animal
92
Osteosarcoma Species
Dogs
93
Osteosarcoma
Common in large breed male dogs, close to the knee and away from the elbow
94
Osteosarcoma Metastasis Site
Lungs
95
Chondrosarcoma
Flat bones affected, rare in species besides dogs, malignant
