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Systemic Pathology > Unit 4- Female Reproductive > Flashcards

Unit 4- Female Reproductive Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

XY

A

Testosterone and anti Mullerian hormone cause the Wolffian duct to persist and the gonads become testes

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2
Q

XX

A

Mullerian duct persists and gonads become ovaries

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3
Q

Disorders of Sexual Development

A

Abnormalities of sex chromosome or hermaphroditism resulting in abnormal appearance of external genitalia

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4
Q

Partial Masculinization

A

Exposure to testosterone and anti mullerian hormone released from ovotestes cause clitoromegaly and partial fusion of vulvar lips

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5
Q

True Hermaphroditism

A

Ovotestes, testosterone produced by Leydig cells and AMH by sertoli cells masculinizes mesonephric duct, paramesonephric duct, tubules, and external genitalia

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6
Q

Freemartinism

A

Male and female twins, anastomoses between vascular systems allows male hormones to masculinize and sterilize the female, occurs in bovine

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7
Q

Freemartin Organs

A

Hypoplasia of ovaries and uterus, ovotestes, failure to form uterine body, vesicular glands, uterus and vagina do not communicate, large clitoris, hair on vulva

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8
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

Anterior pituitary initiates follicle growth

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9
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A

Anterior pituitary stimulates follicle growth and rupture to form corpus luteum

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10
Q

Estrogen

A

Ovaries prepare uterus for pregnancy and cause secondary female characteristics

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11
Q

Progesterone

A

Corpus luteum and placenta maintain pregnancy

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12
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Cause corpus luteum and follicle rupture

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13
Q

Periovarian Cysts

A

Outside the ovary from embryonic structures, incidental, happens in bitch, mare, cat

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14
Q

Ovarian Cyst

A

Inside the ovary, follicle origin can cause disease, rete ovarii is an embryonic structire

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15
Q

Fimbrial Cyst

A

Paramesonephric duct cyst on the fimbriae of uterine tube, common in mares, incidental

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16
Q

Cystic Rete Ovarii

A

At the hilus of the ovary where the Wolffian duct was, common in dog, cat, and guinea pig

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17
Q

Epithelial Inclusion Cyst

A

Surface epithelium is trapped in ovarian stroma at ovulation fossa, common in mare, can increase in size and cause infertility

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18
Q

Anovulatory Follicular Cyst

A

Graffian follicle larger than normal at ovulation

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19
Q

Causes of failed ovulation

A

Uterine infection, genetics, absence or missing pre-ovulatory surge of LH

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20
Q

Signs of Hyperestrogenism

A

Bone marrow suppression, uterine changes

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21
Q

Size of Ovarian Cysts

A

greater than 2.5cm in cow, greater than 1cm in sow, sheep, and goat, greater than .75cm in bitch

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22
Q

Ovarian Remnant Syndrome

A

Ovarian tissue remains after spay, produces estrogen and triggers signs of heat

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23
Q

Equine Ovarian Varicosity

A

Dilation of the veins leads to thrombosis and infarction in old mares, mostly incidental

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24
Q

Oophoritis

A

Rare inflammation of ovary, can be ascending infection from uterus

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25
Granulosa Cell Tumor
Theca cell, most common in horse, unilateral cystic mass producing estrogen, inhibin, testosterone, and AMH, atrophy of contralateral ovary
26
Granulosa Tumor Clinical Signs
Nymphomania, stallion behavior
27
Dysgerminoma
Germ cells, comparable to seminoma, unilateral, solid, and soft, some metastasize in dogs, more aggressive in horse
28
Teratoma
2 germ cell layer differentiation, benign, contain other body structures
29
Ovarian Carcinoma
Common in dogs and chicken, surface epithelium, most commonly bilateral, cauliflower appearance from papillary structures on surface, leads to peritoneal implantation and ascites
30
Hydrosalpinx
Blockage from defect or inflammation leads to fluid accumulation
31
Salpingitis
Secondary to uterine disease or traumatic from manipulation of ovary
32
Acute Causes of Salpingitis
T. pyogenes or Staph/Strep causing pyosalpinx
33
Chronic Causes of Salpingitis
Mycoplasma and ureaplasma
34
Segmental Aplasia of Uterus
Developmental disorder, part of uterus does not develop
35
Endometritis
Inflammation of endometrium postcoitus or postpartum, mares, ascending infection if cervix is open
36
Metritis
Inflammation invading myometrium
37
Evaluating Fertility in Mare
Glandular nesting or loss, periglandular and interstitial fibrosis, and inflammation
38
Endometrial Biopsy in Mare Grading
I highest chance of carrying foal, III lowest
39
Sinking Vagina
Urine is pooling into the vagina, eosinophilic infection of uterus
40
Pyometra Syndrome
Estrogen and progesterone cause hyperplasia of endometrial glands after estrus, most commonly E. coli, toxemia and glomerulonephritis result
41
Cow Pyometra
Endometritis prevents destruction of corpus luteum that continues producing progesterone, leading to pyometra
42
Leiomyoma
Growths from muscle of uterus, common in bitch and cow
43
Uterine Adenocarcinoma
Common in rabbit and cow, multicentric masses involving both horns with common metastasis
44
Bovine Leukemia Virus
Uterine lymphoma
45
Uterine Torsion
Occurs due to gravid uterus, hydrometra, or uterine neoplasia, can kill fetus and rupture
46
Uterine Prolapse
Predisposed by prolonged dystocia and forced traction, retained placenta, and postpartum hypocalcemia
47
Uterine Artery Rupture
Weakened wall of artery in old mares with multiple pregnancies, usually peripartum, can lead to hypovolemic shock
48
Endometrial Polyps
Occurs in dog and cat, pedunculated connective tissue with dilated glands, uterus predisposed to prolapse
49
Subinvolution of Placental Sites
Prolonged uterine hemorrhage manifesting as bloody discharge after whelping, leads to ascending infection, endometritis, and open pyometra
50
Placentome
Maternal cotyledons and fetal caruncles
51
Fetal Monsters
Amorphos globosus, schistosomus reflexus, anasarca, meningocele, arthrogyposis, and cyclopia
52
Amorphus Globosus
A twin does not develop correctly, forming a nonviable spherical mass of connective tissue without organs covered in skin
53
Schistosomus Reflexus
Spinal inversion and exposure of abdominal viscera due to ventral abdominal wall fissure and limb ankylosis
54
Anasarca
Diffuse edema
55
Meningocele
Abnormal sac of fluid containing meninges and extending through skull or vertebra
56
Meningioencephalocele
Abnormal sac of fluid containing meninges and brain extending through skull or vertebra
57
Artrogryposis
Stiffness due to multiple joint contractures
58
Holoprosencephaly
Failure of embryonic prosencephalon to divide, leads to cyclopia
59
Umbilical Torsion
Horses with umbilicus longer than 84cm have 10-20 twists and areas of edema and congestion
60
Mummification
Desiccation of a fetus in utero without bacteria
61
Maceration
Fetal death and liquefaction in utero due to bacterial inflammation
62
Resorption
Chromosomal abnormalities not compatible with attachment or implantation lead to early embryonic loss
63
Abortion
Expulsion of fetus prior to time of viability
64
Stillborn
Dead fetus born within expected time of viability
65
SMEDI
Stillborn, Mummy, Embryonic Death, and Infertility syndrome in pigs
66
Cause of SMEDI
Parvovirus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, pseudorabies, porcine circovirus 2, and leptospira
67
Horse Twins
One can be small and nonviable
68
Bacterial Infection of Uterus
Placentitis, pneumonia, and hepatitis, vasculitis leads to abortion
69
Abortion in Cattle
Brucella, Coxiella burnetii, and Chlamydia abortus
70
Campylobacter fetus
In ovine causes pathognomonic target lesions on liver
71
Listeria monocytogenes
In bovine causes disseminated liver abscess
72
Brucella abortus
Causes fibrinous pleuritis
73
Ascending Placentitis
In mares, infection enters vagina and breaches cervix
74
Causes of Ascending Placentitis
Strep, E. coli, Pseudomonas, Staph aureus, Klebsiella, Actinobacterium equuli, Aspergillus
75
Mycotic Placentitis
Aspergillus fumigatus and zygomycetes causing characteristic cutaneous lesions in fetus, hematogenous origin in cattle or ascending in mare
76
Neospora caninum
Protozoal without gross lesions, histological lesions in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle
77
oxoplasma gondii
Protozoal causing characteristic focal necrosis in cotyledons
78
Viral Infection
Hepatitis, pneumonia, and malformations with random foci of necrosis, usually no gross placental lesions
79
Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome
Penetration of GI by caterpillar hairs or toxins in caterpillar hairs to fetus or placenta
80
Funisitis
Inflammation of umbilical cord, fetal host response
81
Amniotic Plaques
Squamous cell metaplasia, incidental
82
Endometrial Cups
Cups in mares occur in endometrial horn during pregnancy, secretes chorionic gonadotropin stimulating corpus luteum, regresses spontaneously
83
Hippomane
Waste products from foal form liver-like structure
84
Abortion Diagnostics
Serum from dam and herd at time of abortion and 3 weeks later and fetus WITH placenta
85
Bacterial Culture Diagnostics
Placenta, abomasal contents, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, separate and do not freeze
86
Viral Isolation Diagnostics
Lung, liver, spleen
87
Vesiculoulcerative Vulvovaginitis
Pustular
88
Equine Coital Exanthema
Vesiculoulcerative vulvovaginitis due to EHV-3
89
Vulvar Swelling
Caused by estrogen from cystic follicles, estrogen secreting tumors, or Zearalenon from Fusarium fungus
90
Vaginal Leomyoma
Incidental
91
Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma
UV light induced damage on non-pigmented skin of old dairy cows
92
Mammary Tumors
Hormonal influence, usually malignant in cats, complex grading system, mestastasis to lung and lymph nodes
93
Simple Mammary Tumor
Epithelium only
94
Complex Mammary Tumor
Epithelium and myoepithelium
95
Mixed Mammary Tumor
Epithelium and mesenchymal tissue
96
Canine Inflammatory Mammary Gland Carcinoma
Resembles mastitis without inflammation, dilated lymphatic vessels filled with clusters of metastatic tumor cells, most malignant mammary tumor in dogs

Systemic Pathology (12 decks)

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