Unit 3- Renal Flashcards
Structural Units of Kidney
Renal corpuscle of glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, tubules, interstitium, and vasculature
Glomerular Filtration Barrier
Filter plasma, formed by endothelial cells, basement membrane, and podocytes
Requirements of Renal Function
Adequate perfusion, renal tissue, and elimination of urine
Renal Disease Progression
Affects multiple components of the kidney, leading to CRF and end stage kidneys
Outcome of Renal Disease
Imbalance of salt and water, acids and base, and retention of waste
Index of Kidney Failure
Retention of urea or creatinine
Uremia
Failure to excrete metabolic waste
Edema
Failure to maintain normal concentrations of salt and water
Acidosis
Failure to regulate acid base balance
Hormone Imbalance
Failure to produce erythropoietin, renin, and postaglandins leading to anemia, hypertension, and ischemic necrosis
Hypercalcemia
Failure to activate vitamin D
Acute vs Chronic Failure
75% or more function impairement
Prerenal Acute Failure
Transient hypoperfusion
Postrenal Acute Failure
Obstruction of urinary tract
Renal Acute Failure
Acute glomerulonephritis, acute interstitial nephritis, acute tubular necrosis
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Caused by nephrotoxins or ischemia, causes oliguria and anuria, pallor
Death by Acute Failure
Increase in serum K causes cardiotoxicity, metabolic acidosis, and pulmonary edema
Chronic Renal Failure
Loss of nephrons and scarring, PU/PD, alteration in calcium/phosphorus metabolism, nonregenerative anemia, increase in PTH secretion, and fibrous osteodystrophy and soft tissue calcification
CKD Histology
Mononuclear inflammation, interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy and loss, glomerulosclerosis, thickened Bowman’s capsule, and tubular and glomerular ectasia
Azotemia
Elevation of blood urea or creatinine without renal disease
Uremia
Urine in blood, clinical syndrome of renal failure, extrarenal lesions
Uremic Gastropathy
Dog and cat, ulcer and hemorrhage secondary to vasculitis, mucosal calcification secondary to Ca/P metabolism
Uremic Colitis
Horse and cattle, ulcers and hemorrhage secondary to vasculitis
Soft Tissue Mineralization
Altered calcium/phosphorus metabolism, occurs in parietal pleura, intercostals, larynx, and nephrocalcinosis
Pulmonary Edema
Uremic pneumonitis, due to increased vascular permeability
Ulcerative Glossitis
Ammonia production by bacteria from salivary urea causes vasculitis
Necrotizing Glossitis
Fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles leads to infarct
Uremic Endocarditis
Left atrium, endothelial damage leads to increased vascular permeability
Parathyroid Hyperplasia
Altered calcium-phosphorus metabolism, systemic calcification, chief cells try to lower blood calcium by secreting PTH and become hyperplastic
Fibrous Osteodystrophy
Secondary to parathyroid hyperplasia, osteoclasts releasing Ca2+ are replaced by fibrous tissue, rubber jaw
Renal Agenesis
No recognizable renal tissue, inherited in beagle, sheepdog, and doberman
Renal Hypoplasia
Incomplete renal development, 50% smaller kidney with no renal disease, other kidney has incidental compensatory hypertrophy
Renal Dysplasia
Malformation of renal parenchyma
Juvenile Nephropathy
Non inflammatory degenerative or development of chronic renal disease in young animals
Familial Nephropathy
Genetic inheritance of nephropathy, clinical sign onset varies
Asynchronous Maturation
Structures in nephrogenesis not normal in infants; primitive ducts, fetal glomerulus
Fused Kidneys
Horseshoe kidney fused during nephrogenesis, incidental
Congenital Cysts
Incidental, polycystic kidney disease in cats
Acquired Cysts
Tubules or glomeruli obstructed by scar tissue, extensive interstitial fibrosis
Feline Polycystic Kidney
Autosomal dominant in persians, cysts in nephron present in pancreas and liver
Glomerular Filtration
Small particles pass through and are reabsorbed to maintain homeostasis, proteins remain in blood
Proteinuria
Abnormal quantities of protein in urine, indication or glomerular or tubular injury
Albuminuria
Albumin leaking into urine, leads to edema, ascites, hydrothorax, and hydropericardium
Loss of Antithrombin III
Leads to hypercoagulable state and thrombi