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Systemic Pathology > Unit 2- Skin > Flashcards

Unit 2- Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin D Production

A

Epidermis converts provitamin D3 into D3, liver hydroxylates, and kidneys convert to active form

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2
Q

Lesion Characteristics

A

Distribution, location, size, shape, configuration, type

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3
Q

Primary Lesion

A

Directly associated with disease process

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4
Q

Secondary Lesion

A

Modification of the primary lesion that results from its evolution or traumatic injury

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5
Q

Macule

A

A smaller flat circumscribed lesion of altered skin color

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6
Q

Patch

A

A larger flat circumscribed lesion of altered skin color

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7
Q

Papule

A

A small solid elevated lesion

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8
Q

Plaque

A

A larger flat elevation in skin

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9
Q

Pustule

A

Circumscribed raised superficial accumulation of purulent fluid within the epidermis

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10
Q

Vesicle

A

A smaller sharply circumscribed elevation of epidermis filled with clear fluid

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11
Q

Bulla

A

A larger sharply circumscribed elevation of epidermis filled with clear fluid

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12
Q

Wheal

A

Sharply circumscribed raised lesion consisting of edema

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13
Q

Nodule

A

Circumscribed larger solid elevation that usually extends into deeper layers of skin

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14
Q

Cyst

A

Epithelium lined cavity containing fluid or solid material, smooth, well circumscribed, solid mass

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15
Q

Alopecia

A

Partial to complete loss of hair

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16
Q

Scale

A

Sheets of cornified cells that split and separate from epidermis as fragments

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17
Q

Crust

A

Desquamation composed of dry accumulations of serum, pus, epithelial, and bacterial debris

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18
Q

Follicular Casts

A

Accumulation of keratin and follicular material that adheres to the hair shaft extending above the surface of the follicle

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19
Q

Comedo

A

Dilated hair follicle filled with cornified cells and sebaceous material

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20
Q

Epidermal Collarette

A

Thin layer of scale that expands peripherally and forms a ring

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21
Q

Scar

A

Fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin after dermis injury

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22
Q

Excoriation

A

Superficial linear break of the dermis

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23
Q

Erosion

A

Partial-thickness loss of epidermis resulting in shallow, moist, glistening depression

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24
Q

Ulcer

A

Full-thickness loss of epidermis and basement membrane, portion of dermis with depression and exposed surface

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25
Q

Fissue

A

Deep linear break from epidermis into dermis

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26
Q

Lichenification

A

Rough, thickened epidermis

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27
Q

Callus

A

Thick, firm, hyperkeratotic, hairless plaque with increased skin folds, wrinkles, or fissures

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28
Q

Superficial Skin Scraping

A

Scabies mite

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29
Q

Deep Skin Scraping

A

Demodex mite

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30
Q

Tape Cytology

A

Bacteria, yeast, acantholytic cells

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31
Q

Cytology for masses

A

Fine needle aspirate

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32
Q

Culture of Superficial Infections

A

Skin swab for aerobic bacteria

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33
Q

Culture of Deep Infection

A

Sterile tissue culture for bacteria, mycobacterium, and fungi

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34
Q

Dermatophyte Culture

A

Hair pluck, toothbrush, dermatophyte test medium, and PCR

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35
Q

Allergy Testing

A

Serology or intradermal testing only after all other causes of pruritus have been ruled out

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36
Q

When to biopsy

A

Disease can only be diagnosed by biopsy, failure to respond to therapy, severe clinical presentation, persistent ulcer, nodular or neoplastic, and guides treament

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37
Q

What to biopsy

A

Primary lesions

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38
Q

Prior to biopsy

A

Avoid steroids, treat infection, submit tissue culture, leave crusts and scales, provide clinical history and differentials

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39
Q

Keratinocyte Function

A

Permeability barrier, structural support, immunoregulation

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40
Q

Keratinocyte Structure

A

Keratin filaments connect to desmosomes, providing structural integrity

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41
Q

Lamellar body

A

Lipid vesicles that act as structure between keratinocytes

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42
Q

Hyperkeratosis

A

Excessive thickening or hyperplasia of stratum corneum

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43
Q

Primary cause of hyperkeratosis

A

Mutation of lipids, enzyme, or structural protein

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44
Q

Secondary cause of hyperkeratosis

A

Chronic irritation

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45
Q

Orthokeratosis

A

Keratinocytes undergo complete cornification and lose their nucleus

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46
Q

Parakeratosis

A

Keratinocytes only partially undergo cornification due to faster turnover time and retain the nucleus

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47
Q

Golden Retriever Ichthyosis

A

Lamellar othokeratotic hyperkeratosis, congenital defect in formation of the stratum corneum leading to generalized scaling on the trunk

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48
Q

Primary Serborrhea

A

Excessive scaling, not a diagnosis

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49
Q

Acanthosis

A

Epidermal hyperplasia, thickening due to increased number of cells in the epidermis, especially stratum spinosum, response to chronic inflammation

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50
Q

Acral Lick Dermatitis

A

Underlying disease causes chronic focal trauma and secondary deep pyoderma on dorsal carpus of dog

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51
Q

Spongiosis

A

Intercellular Edema

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52
Q

Intracellular Edema

A

Ballooning degeneration in the superficial layer, hydropic degeneration in the basal layer

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53
Q

Acantholysis

A

Disruption of desmosomes between keratinocytes, causes vesicles and bullar

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54
Q

Subcorneal Acantholysis

A

Superficial layer, pemphigus foliaceus

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55
Q

Suprabasal Acantholysis

A

Basal layer, pemphigus vulgaris

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56
Q

Exocytosis

A

Aggregation of leukocytes in the epidermis

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57
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

Immune dendritic cells that process and present antigens to T cells

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58
Q

Contact Hypersensitivity

A

Allergic contact dermatitis, hapten delayed hypersensitivity

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59
Q

MElanocytes

A

Transfer melanin to keratinocytes in basal cell layer of epidermis and anagen hair follicles

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60
Q

Pigmentary Incontinence

A

Loss of melanin due to damage to the cells of the basal layer or follicles, causes accumulation of pigment in macrophages

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61
Q

Lentigo Simplex

A

Black spots on cat face, permanent but harmless

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62
Q

Uveodermatologic Syndrome

A

Autoimmune disease attacking melanocytes and causing uveitis, photophobia, blepharospasm, and depigmentation in akita and arctic breeds

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63
Q

Merkel Cells

A

Mechanoreceptors in tylotrich pads and hair follicles

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64
Q

Basement Membrane Zone

A

Anchors epidermis to dermis and heals wounds

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65
Q

Subepidermal Blistering Disease

A

Vesicles lead to ulcers and subepidermal cleft under the basement membrane

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66
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

A

Congenital defect in dermal collagen leads to cutaneous hyperextensibility, tears, wounds, and scars, diagnosed by skin extensibility index

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67
Q

Solar Dermatitis

A

Chronic exposure to light alters fibroblast function and causes erythema, scales, thick skin, erosions, ulcers, comedones, and cancer

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68
Q

Calcinosis Cutis

A

Hypercortisolemia causes dermal mineralization on the dorsal neck, axilla, and groin

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69
Q

Simple Follicles

A

Human, cattle, horses, pigs

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70
Q

Compound Follicles

A

Dogs, cats, sheep, goats

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71
Q

Hair Growth Cycle

A

Anagen is the growth phase, telogen is resting phase when the follicle retracts into the dermis

72
Q

Sinus Hairs

A

Slow adapting mechanoreceptors

73
Q

Tylotrich Hairs

A

Rapid adapting mechanoreceptors scattered among normal hair

74
Q

Anagen Stimulating Hormones

A

Thyroid hormone and androgens

75
Q

Anagen Inhibiting Hormones

A

Glucocorticoids and estrogen

76
Q

Adnexal Atrophy

A

Endocrine dermatopathy, alopecia

77
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Holocrine glands open into the hair follicle

78
Q

Sebaceous Adenitis

A

Loss of sebaceous glands and replacement with inflammatory cells leads to scales, hair thinning, alopecia, and follicular casts in poodle, akita, samoyed, and vizsla

79
Q

Epitrichial Sweat Glands

A

Apocrine glands empty into the hair follicle

80
Q

Atrichial Sweat Glands

A

Eccrine glands present in paw pads empty directly onto the skin

81
Q

Subcutis

A

Adipose tissue and loose connective tissue between dermis and muscle

82
Q

Panniculitis

A

Inflammation of the panniculus (subcutis)

83
Q

Perivascular Dermatitis

A

Inflammatory cells aggregate around blood vessels due to any insult

84
Q

Superficial Perivascular Dermatitis

A

Due to hypersensitivity disorders

85
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity

A

After first hypersensitivity, IgE will bind mast cells to release cytokines that attract eosinophils and lead to second reaction

86
Q

Acute Perivascular Dermatitis

A

Edema, erythematous papules

87
Q

Chronic Perivascular Dermatitis

A

Alopecia, lichenification, and hyperpigmentation

88
Q

Urticaria

A

Smaller hives

89
Q

Angioedema

A

Larger hives

90
Q

Canine Atopic Dermatitis

A

Generalized pruritus due to skin barrier dysfunction and dysregulated immune response leads to secondary infection, lesions, diagnosis by allergy testing

91
Q

Canine Food Allergy

A

Non seasonal pruritus, GI signs, and secondary infection

92
Q

Canine Flea Allergic Dermatitis

A

Seasonal hypotrichosis, papules, erythematous plaques, and wheals due to sensitization to flea saliva proteins

93
Q

Feline Atopic Skin Syndrome

A

Inflammatory and pruritic skins syndrome of cats manifested by nonspecific reaction patterns

94
Q

Cutaneous Reaction Patterns for FSS

A

Miliary dermatitis, self-induced alopecia, face head neck pruritus, and eosinophilic granuloma complex

95
Q

Sarcoptic Mange

A

Burrowing mites cause highly contagious pruritus, diagnose with scraping

96
Q

Cutaneous Acariasis

A

Intracorneal arthropods

97
Q

Malassezia Dermatitis

A

Secondary yeast infection concurrent with otitis externa

98
Q

Armadillo Westie

A

Malassezia dermatitis in west highland white terriers

99
Q

Parakeratosis

A

Indicative of increased epidermal turnover

100
Q

Type 1 Zinc Responsive Dermatitis

A

Defect of Zn absorption or metabolism in husky and malamute

101
Q

Type 2 Zinc Responsive Dermatitis

A

Zinc deficient diet or over supplementation of chelates

102
Q

Zinc Responsive Dermatosis in Pigs

A

Piglets not allowed access to soil or not supplemented with zinc

103
Q

Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis

A

Liver disease, glucagonoma, or diabetes causes hyperkeratosis of paw pad, bilaterally symmetrical erythemal, scaling, crusting, erosion, and ulcer in small breed geriatric dogs

104
Q

French Flag Histology

A

Red (parakeratosis), white (edema), and blue (basal cell hyperplasia) in superficial necrolytic dermatitis

105
Q

Interface Dermatitis

A

Type III or IV hypersensitivity targets basal keratinocytes and dermoepidermal junction

106
Q

Acantholysis

A

Loss of cohesion between keratinocytes due to desmosome breakdown

107
Q

Acantholytic Cells

A

Keratinocytes separate from neighbors and become rounded

108
Q

Intraepidermal Vesicular Dermatitis

A

Caused by acantholysis, vesicles and pustules form and progress to erosions and crusts

109
Q

Cause of Acantholysis

A

Pemphigus foliaceus, S. pseudintermedius, Dermatophytes release proteolytic enzymes

110
Q

Pemphigus Foliaceus

A

Type II hypersensitivity, autoantibodies against desmocollin 1, pustules, erosions, and crusting on face, ears, and paw pads, subcorneal pustule

111
Q

Pemphigus vulgaris

A

Suprabasal vesicles and bullae progress to erosions and ulcers in oral cavity, mucocutaneous junction, and sin, caused by autoantibodies against desmoglein-3

112
Q

Impetigo

A

Puppy pyoderma, cutaneous abrasions or immunosuppresion allows S. pseudintermedius to invase, pustules on ventral abdomen and perineum

113
Q

Porcine exudative epidermitis

A

Greasy pig disease, S. hyicus produces exotoxins that cause intra-epidermal cleavage and pustules and crusting

114
Q

Dermatophilosis

A

Rain rot, Dermatophilus congolensis causes thick yellow-brown keratinized crust with skin trauma and prolonged moisture in livestock

115
Q

Subepidermal Vesicular Dermatitis

A

Subepidermal blistering disease, poor prognosis and difficult to treat

116
Q

Subepidermal Blistering Disease Causes

A

Congenital defect in structural proteins, autoantibody targeting antigens of basement membrane

117
Q

Congenital epidermolysis bullosa

A

Congenital defect in structural proteins of basement membrane and cytoskeleton of basal keratinocytes

118
Q

Congenital epidermolysis bullosa signs

A

Vesicles, erosion, ulcer, sloughing of skin, nail, or hooves on skin, oral cavity, extremities, and paw pad

119
Q

Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid

A

Ulcers in oral cavity, nasal, periocular, and genital regions in german shepherds

120
Q

Perifolliculitis

A

Inflammation around hair follicle

121
Q

Luminal folliculitis

A

Inflammation of lumen of hair follicle

122
Q

Mural folliculitis

A

Inflammation within the wall of the outer root sheath

123
Q

urunculosis

A

Follicle rupture with inflammation

124
Q

Folliculitis Gross Appearance

A

Small papules at inflamed follicles, alopecia

125
Q

Causes of folliculitis

A

S. pseudintermedius, Dermatophyte, Demodex

126
Q

Superficial Pyoderma

A

Bacterial infection in upper layers of skin and follicle, common in dogs, usually secondary to another condition, S. pseudintermedius, papules, pustules, and epidermal collarettes

127
Q

Intertrigo

A

Dermatitis in areas of skin folding due to surface bacteria overgrowth

128
Q

Deep Pyoderma

A

Infection of deep dermis and subcutis in german shepherds due to S. pseudintermedius; erythema, ulcers, crusts, bullae, and draining tracts

129
Q

Post-Grooming Furunculosis

A

Pseudomonas aerginosa causes acute deep pyoderma after contaminated grooming products or water

130
Q

Dermatophytosis

A

Ringworm, young animals and persian and himalayans predisposed, arthrospores in hair follicle cause circular patches of scaling, alopecia, and folliculitis

131
Q

Dermatophytosis Diagnosis

A

Hair pluck shows abnormal hair, toothbrush technique, culture on dermatophyte test medium, PCR

132
Q

Demodectic Mange

A

Demodex lives in deep hair follicles and causes alopecia, crusting, scaling, and pruritus due to immunosuppression

133
Q

Feline Herpesvirus Dermatitis

A

Felid herpesvirus-1 causes erosions, ulcers, and crusts on face, nasal planum, and limbs with rhinitis and conjunctivitis

134
Q

Feline Herpesvirus Dermatitis Histology

A

Epithelial necrosis, intranuclear viral inclusion bodies, homogenous lost nuclei

135
Q

Contagious Ecthyma

A

Orf, sheep and goat parapoxvirus, vesicles, pustules, ulcers, and crusts on lips, muzzle, face, and oral cavity, usually regresses on its own

136
Q

Irritant Contact Dermatitis

A

Inflammatory reaction due to contact with an irritating agent, not allergic, edema, erythema, and papules progress to scales and lichenification

137
Q

Thermal Burn

A

Various causes, clinical signs vary based on depth

138
Q

Type 1 Photosensitization Dermatitis

A

Primary, due to ingestion of exogenous agents

139
Q

Type 2 Photosensitization Dermatitis

A

Endogenous, congenital erythropoietic porphyria, disturbance in porphyrin pigment metabolism

140
Q

Type 3 Photosensitization Dermatitis

A

Hepatogenous, plant toxins and mycotoxins

141
Q

Hepatogenous Photosensitization

A

Impaired capacity of liver to excrete porphyrins leads to increase in blood levels and dermatitis in sun exposed areas

142
Q

Nodular/Diffuse Dermatitis

A

Infectious or non infectious, neutrophilic infiltrates if bacterial, eosinophilic infiltrates if parasitic, histiocytic infiltrates if chronic granulomatous

143
Q

Nodular Dermatitis Diagnostics

A

Sterile tissue culture

144
Q

Canine Leproid Granuloma

A

Mycobacteria causes firm, nonpainful nodules in short coated breeds, acid fast positive bacteria

145
Q

Deep Fungal Infection

A

Cutaneous lesions secondary to systemic infection due to ingestion or inhalation of contaminated soil

146
Q

Pythiosis

A

Aquatic dimorphic water mold causes GI disease in dogs and ulcerative lesions with fistulous tracts in horses called kunkers

147
Q

Leishmaniasis

A

Intracellular protozoa spread by sandfly bites causes alopecia, ulcers, nodules, and exfoliative dermatitis

148
Q

Onchiogryphossi

A

Hypertrophy and increased curvature of the claws

149
Q

Habronemiasis

A

Summer sores, nematode transmitted by flies causes granulomatous and eosinophilic dermatitis in horses

150
Q

Sterile Granulomatous Dermatitis and Lymphadenitis

A

Facial swelling, papules, and pustules in periocular skin, muzzle, and pinnae of young dogs in response to immunosuppressive drugs, also causes lymphadenomegaly

151
Q

Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex

A

Cat allergy manifests as eosinophilic plaque, indolent ulcer, and eosinophilic granuloma

152
Q

Panniculitis

A

Inflammation of the subcutis, rule out infectious disease, idiopathic more common in dogs: sterile nodular panniculitis

153
Q

Panniculitis Diagnostics

A

Sterile tissue culture

154
Q

Sterile Nodular Panniculitis

A

Idiopathic pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis as ulcerated nodules with draining tracts in dachshund trunks

155
Q

Atrophic Dermatoses

A

Noninflammatory alopecia, follicular atrophy, sebaceous atrophy, and epidermal and dermal atrophy due to endocrine dermatopathy, ischemia, and feline acquired skin fragility

156
Q

Endocrine Dermatoses

A

Bilateral symmetrical alopecia, hyperpigmentation, epidermal thinning, rough, dry, and dull coat with minimal inflammation

157
Q

Conditions of Endocrine Dermatoses

A

Hypothyroidism, Hyperadrenocorticism, Hyperestrogenism, Hyposomatotropism, Hypersomatotropism, Alopecia X

158
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Primary thyroid dysfunction causing bilaterally symmetrical alopecia, thickened and droopy facial skin, and rat tail

159
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism

A

Pituitary dependent, Adrenal dependent, or Iatrogenic causes bilateral symmetrical alopecia of trunk, pendulous abdomen, hyperpigmentation, visible veins, comedones, and calcinosis cutis

160
Q

Alopecia X

A

Bilateral symmetrical alopecia on trunk, thighs, neck, perineum, and tail in plush coated breeds

161
Q

Hyperestrogenism

A

Bilaterally symmetrical alopecia and hyperpigmentation with gynecomastia

162
Q

Cutaneous vasculitis

A

Inflammation targeting the walls of venules or arterioles appears as edema, erythematous macules, petechiae, and ecchymoses and ulceration of distal extremities

163
Q

Diamond Skin Disease

A

Swine erysipelas causes septicemia, bacterial embolization to kin, vasculitis, thrombosis, ischemia, and infarction showing multifocal skin lesions

164
Q

Mass Diagnosis

A

FNA for cytology; cell adhesion for epithelial cells, no clusters for round cells, spindles for mesenchymal cells

165
Q

Tumor Like Lesions

A

Cutaneous tags, follicular cysts, and cutaneous horns

166
Q

Papilloma of Dogs

A

Oral papilloma, cutaneous papilloma, pigmented viral plaque, squamous cell carcinoma

167
Q

Papillomavirus in Cattle

A

BPV 1-3 in young cattle causes cauliflower masses on head, neck, shoulders, teats, and penis

168
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

Common malignant neoplasm of cats due to UV light or papillomavirus on lightly pigmented skin

169
Q

Equine Sarcoid

A

Most common skin neoplasm of equids caused by BPV, locally aggressive but non metastatic originating from fibroblasts

170
Q

Injection site Sarcoma

A

Locally aggressive fibrosarcoma due to vaccine, trauma, and foreign material

171
Q

Hemangioma

A

Red pigmented nodule, may be hemangiosarcoma

172
Q

Round Cell Neoplasias

A

Lymphoma, transmissible venereal tumor, mast cell tumor, plasma cell tumor, or histiocytoma

173
Q

Histiocytoma

A

Neoplasia of langerhans cells causes dome shaped lesion in young dogs that undergoes spontaneous regression

174
Q

Mast Cell Tumor

A

Most common skin tumor in dogs, alopecic, erythematous, and edematous on trunk, extremities, and head

175
Q

Canine Cutaneous Epitheliotropic Lymphoma

A

Generalized scaling, ulcers, and nodules at mucocutaneous junctions due to T cells infiltrating

Systemic Pathology (12 decks)

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