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unit 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

exocrine

A

release secretory into ducts or lumen

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2
Q

endocrine

A

release secretary into circulation

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3
Q

serous glands

A

pyramidal shape with base on basal lamina
round nucleus
joined by junctional complexes
usually organized as acinus

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4
Q

mucous glands

A

cuboidal to columnar with nuclei pushed towards base, oval nuclei at base, secretory drops at apex
organized as tubules
viscous mixture of glycoproteins

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5
Q

myoepithelial cells

A

derived from epithelial cells
located between basement membrane and epithelial surface
flat with long processes around secretory element

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6
Q

what do myoepithelial cells contain

A

keratin and myofilaments

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7
Q

what are the minor salivary glands? where are they located?

A

mucosal, lingual, buccal, palatine
in the submucosa of the oral cavity

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8
Q

what is saliva

A

hypotonic solution that functions to lubricate and cleanse the oral cavity

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9
Q

what does saliva do?

A

reduces bacterial flora by way of lysozymes, lactoferrin, peroxides, histine rich proteins, and IgA
initial digestion of carbs by salivary amylase
assists in the process of taste

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10
Q

what types of glands are in the parotid gland?

A

serous ONLY

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11
Q

what types of glands are in the submandibular gland? sublingual?

A

mostly serous, some mucous
mostly mucous, some serous

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12
Q

salivary gland, from acinus

A

acinus to intercalated duct to striated duct to excretory duct

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13
Q

intercalated ducts

A

cuboidal epithelium that acini open up into
secrete HCO3, absorb Cl

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14
Q

striated ducts

A

simple cuboidal to columnar
union of several intercalated ducts to form interlobular duct
radial striations of inholdings of basal plasma membrane and mitochondria
secrete K and HCO3, absorb Na

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15
Q

excretory ducts

A

interlobular ducts in septa, stratified cuboidal or columnar

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16
Q

parotid gland facts

A

no centroacinar cells
longer intercalated ducts comparatively
fat cells
many plasma cells and lymphocytes that secrete IgA

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17
Q

submandibular gland facts

A

mostly serous, some mucous
striated duct more developed than others

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18
Q

sublingual gland facts

A

mixed secretion with mostly mucous and some serous demilunes
interlobular duct system is not well developed

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19
Q

what is the pancreas

A

a gland that lies posterior to the stomach
produces enzymes that aid in digestion
produce sodium bicarb which buffers stomach acid
empties contents into duodenum

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20
Q

pancreatic ducts/glands

A

compound acinar gland with no striated ducts
contains centroacinar cells
thin capsule with septa that divide into lobules

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21
Q

exocrine pancreas cells

A

highly polarized with rER, Golgi, and mito packed into basal part
apical cytoplasm, packed with zymogen granules
tight junctional complexes along apical membrane

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22
Q

what does the exocrine pancreas secrete

A

15 or more enzymes or proenzymes
pancreatic lipase - fat digestion
pancreatic amylase - carb digestion
trypsin - protein digestion
DNAase and RNAase

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23
Q

what regulates the exocrine pancreas

A

hormones - secretin and cholecystokinin
vagus nerve

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24
Q

exocrine pancreas cells

A

simple pyramidal serous epithelial cells
narrow luminal surface
broad basal surface
central acinar cells

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25
endocrine pancreas
islets scattered among acini reticular fibers fenestrated capillaries more numerous in body and tail 5 different hormone secreting cells
26
hormone producing cells in endocrine pancreas
alpha - producing glucagon beta - manufacturing insulin delta - manufacturing somatostatin PP - secrete pancreatic polypeptide G - produce gastrin
27
pancreatic duct pathway
centroacinar > intercalated > interlobular > interlobular > main
28
intercalated pancreatic ducts
located between secretory portion and intralobular ducts low cuboidal to squamous secrete bicarb and water
29
intralobular pancreatic ducts
cuboidal, lacks striated secrete bicarb and water
30
interlobular pancreatic ducts
low columnar secrete bicarb and water
31
main pancreatic duct
joins bile duct enters duodenum lined by tall columnar cells
32
what is the portal triad
hepatic portal vein hepatic artery bile duct
33
what is the structural organization of the liver?
CT stroma (neurovascular structures travel in here) parenchyma sinusoidal capillaries spaces of disse
34
what is parenchyma?
organized cords of hepatocytes stacked like plates and arranged radially around a central vein
35
what are sinusoidal capillaries
vascular channels between plates of hepatocytes
36
where are spaces of Disse located?
between the sinusoidal endothelium and hepatocytes
37
what is the liver capsule
thin dense fibrous CT arranged collagen (supports) and elastic fibers
38
where does the liver capsule become thick? why?
at the hilum, supports neuromuscular structures as they course through liver
39
what covers the capsule where it faces the peritoneal cavity?
serous mesothelium
40
what is the stroma? what is present here?
continuation of the capsule through the porta hepatis collagen I, III, and IV to support neuromuscular structures
41
what are the three functional models of the liver?
classic lobule, portal lobule, liver acinus
42
classic lobule model
hexagonal shape central vein is axis with hepatocyte plates radiating from center blood flow from periphery to center bile from center to periphery
43
portal lobule model
trianguler/wedge shaped portal area is central axis peripheral landmark is 3 or more central veins bile flows from periphery to portal area blood flows from portal area to central vein
44
liver acinus model
oval to diamond shaped distributing vein is axis short axis - 2 terminal branches of portal triad long axis - line btw two central veins closest to short axis blood flows from center to periphery
45
liver acinus zones
zone 1 - closest to short axis and blood supply zone 2 - between 1 & 3, no defined boundaries zone 3 - farthest from short axis, closest to central vein
46
what is the blood supply to the liver?
venous supply via portal vein and arterial supply via hepatic artery
47
portal vein system
portal vein > distributing vein > inlet venal > sinusoids > central vein > sub lobular vein > hepatic vein > IVC
48
arterial system
hepatic artery > inlet arteries > sinusoids > central vein
49
what are hepatocytes?
basic structural component of the liver grouped in interconnected plates capable of considerable regeneration
50
hepatocyte structure
generally acidophilic cytoplasm, large, polygonal cells, large central nucleus, can be binucleate two or more nucleoli
51
what is liver parenchyma?
comprised of anastomosing network of interconnecting hepatocyte plates can be 1-2 cells thick
52
what are bile canaliculus
formed by two hepatocyte cell membranes
53
where are hepatic sinusoids located? what are they lined by?
between hepatocytes lined by endothelial cells - fenestrated, discontinuous basal lamina, dark ovoid nuclei projecting into lumen
54
what is a unique feature of hepatic sinusoids?
presence of stellate sinusoidal macrophages, Kupffer cells, in the lining of vessels
55
Kupffer cell origin and structure
derived from monocytes interposed with fenestrated endothelial cells, form integral part of sinusoid walls irregular in shape filopodia and microvilli on luminal side lysosomes and endocytotic vesicles vermiform processes
56
what do Kupffer cells play a role in?
host defense and breakdown of RBCs
57
what is the space of Disse?
perisinusoidal space exchange site between blood and liver cells
58
where is the space of Disse located?
between basal surfaces of hepatocytes and endothelial cells
59
what is located within the space of Disse?
hepatocyte microvilli Ito cells (stellate cells)
60
what are Ito cells
fat containing cells - retinyl esters lipid droplets, small nucleus, many long branched cytoplasmic processes store exogenous vit A retinol
61
what is bile production?
an exocrine function of liver hepatocytes
62
what does bile contain?
conjugated and degraded waste products substances that bind to metabolites to aid in absorption
63
what are cholangiocytes?
epithelial cells that line the biliary tree organelle-scant cytoplasm tight junctions complete basal lamina microvilli primary cilium
64
what are bile canaliculi?
small canal formed by apposed grooves in the surface of adjacent hepatocytes smallest branches of the biliary tree aka short canals of Hering
65
canal of Hering
lined by hepatocytes and cholagiocytes contractile activity
66
duct pathway
canal of Hering > tntrahepatic bile ductule > interlobular ducts > join to form R/L hepatic ducts > common hepatic ducts
67
what parts of the biliary ducts are lined by cholangiocytes?
canal of Hering and interlobular ducts
68
what are the extra hepatic bile ducts?
common hepatic duct cystic duct common bile ducts
69
common hepatic duct
tall columnar epithelium alimentary canal layers except muscularis mucosae
70
cystic duct
carries bile in/out of gallbladder spiral valve (spirally arranged mucosal folds) simple columnar epithelium thin lamina propria smooth muscle muscularis externa serosa
71
common bile duct
extends to wall of duodenum at hepatopancreatic ampulla sphincter of common bile duct and hepatopancreatic ampulla major duodenal papilla
72
what is the gallbladder?
pear-shaped distensible sac receives dilute bile from cystic duct via hepatic duct store and removes water from incoming bile releases bile into common bile duct
73
gallbladder mucosa
simple columnar epithelium tall epithelial cells with microvilli primary cilium apical junctional complexes mitochondria lateral plications
74
gallbladder lamina propria
fenestrated capillaries and small venules no lymphatics contains large amount of lymphocytes and plasma cells scattered smooth muscle mucous glands
75
other gallbladder layers
muscularis externa - collagen and elastic fibers, stimulated by CCK adventitia - dense CT, elastic and adipose serosa - unattached surface, mesothelium, loose CT

histology (15 decks)

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