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unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the four tissue types?

A

muscle, nerve, epithelium, connective tissue

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2
Q

what are the two types of connective tissue proper?

A

loose and dense

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3
Q

what are the three types of loose connective tissue?

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

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4
Q

what are the three types of dense connective tissue?

A

regular, irregular, elastic

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5
Q

what does connective tissue vary in?

A

structure, function, and content of cells and ECM

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6
Q

what are stromal cells?

A

class of connective tissue cells that build the infrastructure of any organ

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7
Q

what are the types of stromal cells?

A

resident and transient

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8
Q

what produces the contents of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

stromal cells

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9
Q

what are the contents of the ECM?

A

protein fibers and ground substance

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10
Q

what kinds of protein fibers are found in ECM?

A

collagen, reticular, and elastic

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11
Q

what is ground substance?

A

amorphous mixture of proteins and carbohydrates with variable amounts of salts and H2O
holds everything
appears kind of transparent on slides

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12
Q

what are the types of resident cells?

A

fibroblast/fibrocyte
adipocyte
CT specific cells (chondrocyte, osteocyte, etc)
macrophage
mast cell

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13
Q

what are the types of transient cells?

A

plasma cell
lymphocyte
basophil
eosinophil
neutrophil

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14
Q

what cells have a hematopoietic origin?

A

macrophage, mast cell, transient cells

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15
Q

fibroblast

A

principle cell type of most CT
active, increased ECM protein synthesis
abundant, branched basophilic cytoplasm

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16
Q

what do fibroblasts look like?

A

large, prominent, oval, pale staining nucleus

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17
Q

fibrocyte

A

inactive, decreased ECM protein synthesis

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18
Q

what do fibrocytes look like?

A

smaller, darker, elongated nucleus

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19
Q

white adipose

A

contain a single lipid droplet per cell, function to insulate, protect, provide energy, hormone production

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20
Q

what does white adipose look like?

A

large polyhedral or spherical cells
flattened, peripheral nucleus

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21
Q

brown adipose

A

abundant in newborns, limited in adults
contain multiple lipid droplets per cell
generate heat

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22
Q

what does brown adipose look like?

A

smaller polygonal cells

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23
Q

what do macrophages do?

A

phagocytosis of bacteria/debris

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24
Q

what do mast cells do?

A

responses to allergens that bind IgE, secrete heparin, histamine, inflammatory mediators

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25
what do plasma cells do?
produce antibodies
26
what do lymphocytes (B and T cells) do?
involved in innate and acquired immunity
27
what do basophil do?
secrete heparin, histamin, inflammatory mediators
28
what do eosinophil do?
anti-microbial
29
what do neutrophil do?
phagocytosis of bacteria/debris
30
collagen fibers
strong, flexible, high tensile strength make up 25% of all protein in the human body
31
how many types of collagen fibers are there?
29, via configuration of 42 types of alpha chains
32
what are collagen fibers composed of?
subunits called collagen fibrils that are made up of collagen molecules
33
how are fibrillar collagen aligned?
monomers associate head to tail in overlapping, staggered rows forms long fibrils
34
how are sheet collagen aligned?
monomers associate head to head and tail to tail form a meshwork
35
how many types of collagen are there?
4
36
what are reticular fibers composed of?
type III collagen fibrils (3 alpha 1 chains)
37
reticular fibers
thinner than collagen branched, forming a meshwork-like configuration
38
how are reticular fibers visible?
stain with PAS and silver salts
39
what are elastic fibers composed of?
an elastin core, elastin protein and fibrillar glycoprotein
40
elastic fibers
thinner and interwoven compared to collagen branched and stretch to limit tearing
41
what kinds of carbohydrates are contained in ground substance?
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans (PG), multi adhesive glycoproteins (MAPs)
42
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
most abundant heteropolysaccharide in ground substance most negatively charged most are post-translationally linked/bound to core proteins forming proteoglycans
43
proteoglycans
GAGs covalently bound to core proteins which facilitate ECM and cell-ECM organization
44
multi adhesive glycoproteins (MAPs)
small group of proteins facilitate ECM stabilization via binding sites for a variety of ECM proteins
45
loose CT
has fewer protein fibers and more ground substance
46
dense CT
has more protein fibers and less ground substance (found in tendons and ligaments)
47
loose areolar CT an abundance of ground substance, plus a few thin protein fibers
48
adipose loose CT
49
reticular loose CT reticular fibers are the most predominant
50
regular dense CT high density, parallel fibers
51
irregular dense CT multidirectional fibers
52
elastin dense CT significant embedded elastin
53
elastic fiber
54
collagen fiber
55
mast cell large cells with dark staining cytoplasmic granules
56
lymphocyte small cells with a high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio
57
macrophage small and irregular nuclei
58
papillary layer left, reticular layer right
59
what is the origin of connective tissue?
mesenchyme
60
what are collagen molecules made of?
polypeptide triple helix alpha chains
61
collagen type I principle tissue distribution
loose and dense ordinary connective tissue collagen fibers
62
collagen type I cells of origin
fibroblasts and reticular cells smooth muscle cells
63
collagen type III principle tissue distribution
loose connective tissue reticular fibers papillary layer of dermis
64
collagen type III cells of origin
fibroblasts and reticular cells
65
collagen type IV principle tissue distribution
basement membranes
66
collagen type IV cells of origin
epithelial and endothelial cells

histology (15 decks)

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