Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

histology > unit 14 > Flashcards

unit 14 Flashcards

(95 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

how are the cyclic changes that the female reproductive system undergoes controlled?

A

neurohumeral mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the function of the ovaries

A

produce sex steroids (estrogen and progesterone)
produce gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the composition of the ovaries from superficial to deep

A

germinal epithelium
tunica albuginea
cortex
medullary region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ovary germinal epithelium

A

covers surface of ovary
simple squamous, sometimes cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ovarian tunica albuginea

A

composed of dense CT, deep to germinal epithelium
white appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ovarian cortex

A

deep to tunica albuginea
contains follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ovarian medullary region

A

vascular bed, loose CT, lymphatics, and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where are follicles found

A

embedded in the stroma of the cortex region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does a follicle consist of

A

oocyte surrounded by layer(s) of follicular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the stages of follicular development

A

primordial
primary (preantral)
secondary (astral)
Graafian (mature)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

primordial follicles consist of what

A

primary oocyte (large nucleolus & eccentric nucleus)
surrounded by single layer of squamous follicular cells (joined by desmosomes)
basal lamina surrounds that layer (boundary between follicle and stroma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

follicular cells in early primary follicle

A

proliferate to form a single layer of cuboidal cells
secrete steroid hormones & growth factors that promote oocyte development/maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the follicle called after the follicular cell form a single cuboidal layer?

A

unilaminar primary follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

oocyte in early primary follicle

A

enlarges, secrete GAGs and glycoproteins that form zona pellucida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the zona pellucida

A

glycoprotein coat between the oocyte and follicular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do follicular cells do in the late primary follicles

A

continue to proliferate, form a stratified epithelium called stratum granulosum
follicular cells are now called granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

other changes to late primary follicles

A

zona pellucida thickens and becomes visible
oocyte grows/matures, cortical granules form in cytoplasm and contain proteases
stromal cells differentiate and form a 2 layered CT sheath (theca folliculi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

layers of theca folliculi

A

theca interna - cuboidal, steroid producing secretory cells; fibroblasts and BV
theca externa - SM and collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

secondary follicle

A

granulosa cells secrete fluid rich in hyaluronan, proteoglycans, and steroid binding proteins
stratum granulosum, 6-12 layers thick, fluid filled cavities form an antrum
oocyte reaches max size, positioned eccentrically in follicle
theca layers more distinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mature follicle

A

mound of granulosa cells project into and line antrum, are called cumulus oophorus
oocyte suspended in antrum , surrounded by corona radiata, complete meiosis I, enters II
theca layers actively secrete hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where is a Graafian follicle located

A

just beneath the surface of the ovary, causes bulging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what causes expulsion of the secondary oocyte and corona radiata from the follicle

A

disruption of blood flow, creating avascular area that ruptures
protease-mediated weakening of the follicular wall
follicular fluid pressure
contraction of SM in theca externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what happens if the oocyte is fertilized

A

completes meiosis II, becomes an ovum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens after the follicle remnant collapses

A

forms deeply folded structure around a cavity that fills with blood to become corpus hemorrhagicum
once this wound heals, structure remaining is called corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
corpus luteum
highly vascular and large thick inner folds of granulosa lutein cells with cords of cells from outer layer theca lutein cells
26
what happens to the corpus luteum
if fertilization does not occur, degeneration and formation of corpus albicans if fertilization occurs, maintained until parturition
27
what do lutein cells do
produce steroids (progesterone & some estrogens) prepare the uterus for implantation maintain early pregnancy
28
where do lutein cells come from
granulosa and theca interna cells increasing in size, filling with lipid droplets
29
what cells undergo atresia
primordial follicles that began the maturation phase but do not finish it
30
atresia in primordial and early primary follicles
oocyte and follicle shrink and degenerate at the same time
31
atresia in more mature follicles
death of granulosa cells, loss of oocyte macrophages & neutrophils infiltrate granulosa layer sloughing of granulosa cells into antrum hypertrophy of theca interna follicular collapse
32
what does FSH do during the cycle
stimulates follicular growth and secretion of estradiol
33
what happens to the dominant follicle?
becomes increasingly sensitive to FSH, LH, and estradiol
34
what does estradiol do
stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH
35
what does GnRH do
stimulates a surge of luteinizing hormone to be released from anterior pituitary
36
what does estradiol do
stimulates a lesser spike of FSH to be released
37
what does luteinizing hormone induce
primary oocyte completion of meiosis I rapid build up of follicular fluid and swelling of follicle secretion of enzymes that weaken follicular wall by macrophages and leukocytes
38
uterine tubes
narrow bilateral tubes that extend from uterus toward ovaries infundibulum, ampulla*, isthmus, uterine
39
mucosa of uterine tubes
simple columnar epithelium containing ciliated (pale staining, motile!) and nonciliated (PEG cells, slender elongated nucleus) cells with underlying lamina propria complex longitudinal folds, most complex in ampulla
40
muscularis of uterine tubes
thick, inner circular layer thin, outer longitudinal layer composed of visceral smooth muscle (peristalsis moves ovum into uterus) thickness is greatest in isthmus
41
serosa of uterine tubes
outer serous membrane of mesothelium and thin CT
42
uterine tubes during menses
epithelial cells undergo cyclic hypertrophy during follicular phase, atrophy during luteal phase in response to hormonal changes
43
what affect does estrogen have on uterine tubes during menses
increases height of secretory cells, greatest around ovulation stimulates cilia production, peak around ovulation increases secretory activity
44
what affect does progesterone have on uterine tubes during menses
stimulates PEG cell proliferation PEG cell number increases after ovulation increases number of PEG cells
45
uterine blood supply
uterine artery branches > arcuate arteries (circle myometrium) arcuate arteries divide > radial arteries (penetrate into myometrium) endometrium - straight and spiral stratum functionalis, capillary beds, lacunae - spiral stratum basalis - straight
46
layers of the uterine wall, superficial to deep
perimetrium (outer serous layer, continuous with pelvic and abdominal peritoneum) myometrium (thick, muscular, continuous with uterine tube and vaginal muscle) endometrium (mucosa)
47
endometrium
simple columnar epithelium (ciliated and secretory cells) line lumen endometrial glands penetrate down into underlying stroma
48
what are the layer of the endometrium
stratum functionalis stratum basalis
49
stratum functionalis
thick, superficial endometrial layer includes surface epithelium, upper part of glands, associated stroma shed during menstration
50
stratum basalis
thin, deep endometrial layer lower portion of glands, associated stroma retained during menstruation, regenerates stratum functionalis
51
myometrium
composed of 3 indistinctly defined layers of SM inner and outer are mostly longitudinal, middle is circular and spirally arranged
52
what are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle
proliferative secretory menstrual
53
endometrium at the end of the menstrual phase consists of
thin band of Ct basal portion of uterine glands and spiral arteries straight arteries
54
what happens in response to estrogen in the proliferative phase
epithelial cells in glands proliferate, migrate to cover surface and elongate glands stromal cells proliferate spiral arteries lengthen glands have narrom lumens and are mostly straight stratum functionalis is regenerated
55
when does the proliferative phase end
one day after ovulation
56
what regulates the secretory phase
progesterone
57
what happens during secretory phase
stratum functionalis layer thickens, becomes edematous cells hypertrophy glands enlarge, become corkscrew shape, lumen has saw tooth appearance spiral arteries lengthen and reach surface
58
what does the menstrual phase result from
decline in secretion of progesterone and estrogen
59
corpus luteum in menstrual phase
produces hormones for about 10 days if fertilization does not occur hormone levels rapidly decline just prior to menstruation
60
corpus luteum changes cause what
periodic contractions of spiral arteries, this results in transient ischemia that leads to reduced glandular secretion, endometrial height shrinkage, leukocyte infiltration, RBC extravasation into stroma
61
extended contraction of spiral arteries causes
disruption of epithelium sloughing of tissue and bleeding this continues until only the stratum basalis remains
62
what is the chorionic plate
CT plate with vessels to/from the umbilical cord stem villi > intermediate villi > free villi > anchoring villi
63
what is the decidual plate
composed of decidual cells (large, round, pale staining) covered by a layer of trophoblast cells anchoring villi invade decidua
64
syncytiotrophoblast layer
epithelial-like outer layer that covers chorionic villi early: nuclei evenly distributed, epithelium cuboidal
65
cytotrophoblast layer
proliferative middle layer early: underlie syncytiotrophoblast term: few cytotrophoblasts remain deep to syncytiotrophoblast
66
connective tissue stroma
found in the core of the villi cellular stroma with mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, SM cells, macrophage-like, antigen-presenting cells, fetal blood vessels whose lumens dilate over time
67
what is the placental barrier composed of
semi-permeable barrier between maternal and fetal circulation syncytiotrophoblast layer cytotrophoblast cells trophoblast basal lamina villous stroma/CT endothelial basal lamina endothelial cell
68
what can cross the placental barrier
gases, small molecules and drugs (low molecular weight, non polar, lipid soluble) antigens and antibodies some viruses
69
what is the cervical mucosa composed of
epithelial ranges from simple columnar epithelium with branched glands to stratified squamous epithelium not sloughed during menstruation mucus secretions impacted by cycle
70
cervix
robust CT stroma modest muscularis
71
ectocervix
projects into vagina, comprised of stratified squamous epithelium
72
endocervix
lines cervical canal and is comprised of simple columnar epithelium with large, branched glands with mucus secreting cells
73
transformation zone
abrupt transition between ecto- and endo- cervix most common site for cervical cancer
74
mucosa of vagina
numerous transverse folds stratified, squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium prominent lamina propria containing abundant elastic fibers CT papillae from lamina propria project into overlying epithelium
75
muscularis layer of vagina
two intermingling SM layers, outer longitudinal and inner circular the outer layer is continuous with the corresponding layer of the uterus and much thicker
76
adventitia of vagina
inner layer of dense CT with numerous elastic fibers outer loose CT layer, numerous blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves
77
histology of vaginal mucosa
stratified squamous, non-keratinized epithelium, some thickening during luteal phase, NO glands, produces glycogen cellular, loose CT lamina propria with many WBCs, elastic fibers, and rich vascularization
78
what is the breast composed of
glandular tissue embedded in subcutaneous adipose and CT suspensory ligaments suspend breast from deep fascia
79
breast glandular tissue
branched modified sweat glands that produce milk organized as 15-20 lobes per breast, radiate out from nipple
80
breast glandular lobes
branched ductal system with branches ending in many lobules
81
breast glandular lobules
functional unit of mammary glands composed of central interlobular duct with branches ending at terminal ductules surrounded by loose interlobular CT
82
when do true alveoli form
during pregnancy
83
intralobular duct epithelium
simple columnar/cuboidal secretory
84
terminal ductal lobular unit
lobule + associated extra lobular terminal duct (connects intra to inter duct) most breast cancers arise in TDLU
85
what is the glandular tissue of the lobule surrounded by
loose intralobular CT
86
duct order
intra > extra > inter > main
87
breast interlobular stroma
dense irreglar CT and adipose surrounds lobules and interlobular ducts
88
luminal epithelial cells
near nipple - stratified squamous lactiferous sinus - transitions to simple cuboidal
89
what happens beginning at the sinus
myoepithelial cells surround the epithelium
90
where are luminal and myoepithelial cells derived from
basally positioned stem/progenitor cells
91
histology of inactive mammary gland
abundant interlobular stroma (DCT) sparse glandular tissue small ductal lumens consists of sparse ductal structures surrounded by abundant loose CT slight changes during menstrual cycle
92
pregnancy induced changes in mammary glands
glandular epithelium and myoepithelial cells proliferate, increase ductal branching, alveoli develop luminal cells begin to differentiate and produce milk decrease in intralobular and interlobular stromal CT, adipose tissue
93
lactating mammary glands
alveoli more uniform in size abundant lipid secretions in lumens tight junctions between secretory cells ensure luminal storage of secretions
94
ultrastructural changes to lactation mammary gland
spherical nucleus more basally positioned increase in apical secretory vesicles and lipid droplets hypertrophy of ERs, Golgi numerous apical microvilli
95
mammary secretions
milk proteins (exocytosis) lipids (apocrine secretion) IgA from plasma cells transcytosed

histology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions